Metamaterial absorbers have been widely studied and continuously concerned owing to their excellent resonance features of ultra‐thin thickness, light‐weight, and high absorbance. Their applications, however, are typically restricted by the intrinsic dispersion of materials and strong resonant features of patterned arrays (mainly referring to narrow absorption bandwidth). It is, therefore essential to reassert the principles of building broadband metamaterial absorbers (BMAs). Herein, the research progress of BMAs from principles, design strategies, tunable properties to functional applications are comprehensively and deeply summarized. Physical principles behind broadband absorption are briefly discussed, typical design strategies in realizing broadband absorption are further emphasized, such as top‐down lithography, bottom‐up self‐assembly, and emerging 3D printing technology. Diversified active components choices, including optical response, temperature response, electrical response, magnetic response, mechanical response, and multi‐parameter responses, are reviewed in achieving dynamically tuned broadband absorption. Following this, the achievements of various interdisciplinary applications for BMAs in energy‐harvesting, photodetectors, radar‐IR dual stealth, bolometers, noise absorbing, imaging, and fabric wearable are summarized. Finally, the challenges and perspectives for future development of BMAs are discussed.

Review of Broadband Metamaterial Absorbers: From Principles, Design Strategies, and Tunable Properties to Functional Applications

The Pancharatnam-Berry (PB) phase can be used to control the phase of circularly polarized electromagnetic waves. However, there are few studies on the modulation of dual-circularly polarized multi-beam using the transmissive coding metasurface. A scheme of spin-controlling multi-beam by transmissive coding metasurface is proposed for dual-circular polarization simultaneously. The transmissive coding metasurface (TCMS) can transmit linearly polarized incidence into multi-beam with orthogonally circular polarization. The phase distribution is designed based the convolution theorem, and the elements of metasurface conforming to the PB phase are arranged according to the phase distribution. In order to compensate the emitting spherical waves into plane waves and realize the transmissive waves with dual-circular polarization, an interesting scheme of elements in different regions with different rotating phase are presented based on the principle of phase compensation. TCMS can transmit linearly polarized waves into two left-hand circularly polarized (LHCP) beams and two right-hand circularly polarized (RHCP) beams. The prototype of TCMS is fabricated and measured, and the experimental results agree well with the simulated data. The transmissive metasurface has potential application in holograms and satellite communication. 

Transmissive coding metasurface with dual-circularly polarized multi-beam

Multiplexing Tensor Holographic Metasurface with Surface Impedance Superposition for Manipulating Multibeams with Multimodes

In this work, a novel direction‐dependent Janus metasurface (DDJM) supported by waveguide structure (WGS) with surface plasmon polariton (SSPP) modes is proposed. In −z‐direction, linear‐to‐linear (LTL) polarization conversion (PC) can be implemented at the low frequencies by the reflection characteristics of the WGS. And in the +z‐direction, the ultrawideband absorption takes shape due to the SSPP modes, in which strongly localized oscillation of free electrons are confined to the metal–dielectric interface assisted by the WGS. The combination of the WGS and the PC structure finally enables the low‐frequency LTL PC with the high polarization conversion ratio (over 0.9) at 0.87–1.35 THz in −z‐direction, corresponding to the relative bandwidth of 43.24%, as well as the absorption in +z‐direction with an efficiency of over 0.9 in the frequency range of 0.8–1.2 THz. Also the fixed direction‐independent transparent window brought by WGS runs from 1.57 to 1.90 THz when the co‐polarized transmission coefficient exceeds 0.85, occupying a staggered band compared to that of PC or absorption. The favorable properties of the DDJM promise a potential practical application in full‐space electromagnetic wave control and radar stealth technology fields.

Direction‐Dependent Janus Metasurface Supported by Waveguide Structure with Spoof Surface Plasmon Polariton Modes

Recently, reconfigurable metasurfaces have facilitated dynamic manipulation of electromagnetic (EM) waves, opening new opportunities for fascinating meta-devices. So far, most devices are working in reflection region with limited polarization states. Here, we demonstrate a reconfigurable multifunctional transmissive metasurface for both linearly and circularly polarized waves manipulations. Specifically, the designed meta-atom contains dual-layer metallic cross-strips and one-layer circular slotted patch. Eight positive-intrinsic-negative diodes are loaded between each strip structure through via hole, with each two of diodes as a group along x- and y-direction, respectively, and thus supporting four switchable states via different applied bias voltages. Numerical results indicate that the designed meta-atom achieves high-rate transmission of 0.9 and individual phase manipulation in four independent transmission channels at 7.4 GHz. As a proof-of-concept demonstration, we numerically and experimentally show different versatile functionalities, including anomalous deflections with steered beams in range of 0° ∼ 40°, orbital angular momentum generation with mode of l = 1, and beam focusing among four polarization-encoded channels at 7.4 GHz. Our metasurface owns the advantages of multi-polarization EM wave manipulations in transmission mode, which completely distinguishes from previously reported works with single polarization in reflection mode. 

Reconfigurable transmissive metasurface synergizing dynamic and geometric phase for versatile polarization and wavefront manipulations

Ohmic Dissipation-Assisted Complex Amplitude Hologram with High Quality

Multidimensionally Manipulated Active Coding Metasurface by Merging Pancharatnam–Berry Phase and Dynamic Phase

Polarization, as an important property of light, has been widely discussed in modern detecting and radar systems. A polarization converter that can be used to achieve dynamic control is regarded as an excellent alternative for implementing the integrated functionalities of communication and stealth. In this work, we propose a paradigm of meta-converter for dynamic polarization states shifting from linear-to-linear (LTL) to linear-to-circular (LTC) polarization. The strategy is achieved by loading voltage-controlled PIN diodes on the double-arrows metallic meta-resonators. The operation modes can be switched by changing the bias voltage. When the PIN diodes are turned on, the polarization meta-converter (PMC) will reflect and convert a linearly polarized electromagnetic (EM) wave into a circularly polarized one in 5.6-15.5 GHz with an axial ratio (AR) below 3dB. When the PIN diodes are turned off, the PMC will reflect and convert a linearly polarized EM wave into the orthogonal counterpart in 7.6-15.5 GHz with a polarization conversion ratio (PCR) over 88%. Simulations and experimental results show a good agreement, which manifests the feasibility of our proposed meta-converter. Moreover, the proposed PMC has great potential for polarization-dependent communication and stealth systems.

Polarization meta-converter for dynamic polarization states shifting with broadband characteristic.

In this letter, we propose a scheme of metasurface-combined absorptive frequency selective structure (AFSS) providing low-frequency scattering, broadband transparent window, and high-frequency absorption. Composed of a coding metasurface and a composite AFSS, the proposed frequency selective structure is constructed in a 3-D configuration. The composite AFSS loads blade array plasmonics structure and exciting spoof surface plasmon polaritons on planar periodic resonators. Furthermore, the coding metasurface above the AFSS provides a phase gradient for scattering diffusion in low frequency. We fabricate a prototype as the verification of the proposed approach. The simulated and experimental demonstration manifests the feasibility with a copolarized transmission band from 8 to 13.5 GHz with 1 dB insertion loss and a less than −10 dB reflection ranges 1.5–3.2, 8–13.5, and 16–22 GHz.

Composite Frequency Selective Structure With the Integrated Functionality of Transmission, Absorption, and Scattering

Equipped with the capability of simultaneous phase and amplitude modulation, the chiral metasurfaces have broken through the weak chiroptical responses of natural media, giving birth to a number of unprecedented phenomena. However, the performance of passive metasurface is inadequate to realize dynamic manipulation to fit the diverse and changeable operation requirements, which would damage their engineering applications. Here, a circular dichroism meta-mirror consisting of Archimedean spiral-based meta-atoms is proposed to achieve dynamic scattering modulation. Combining the strategy of loading active element, the chiroptical responses of a metasurface is smoothly controlled. By controlling bias voltages, continuous scattered reflection amplitude steering can be achieved for the designated spin state while the orthogonal spin state can hardly be influenced. With the assistance of Pancharatnam-Berry phase principle, the metasurface possesses the capability of tailoring waves in coded manner. We experimentally verify the proposed strategy by a 1-bit checkerboard meta-mirror for four-beam scattering pattern. Importantly, the proposed paradigm may find applications in spin-sensitive systems and adaptive camouflage.

Active circular dichroism coding meta-mirror for flexible beam-forming and dynamic amplitude control

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