In this tutorial, we give an introduction to optical burst switching and compare it with other existing optical switching paradigms. Basic burst assembly algorithms and their effect on assembled burst traffic characteristics are described first. Then a brief review of the early work on burst transmission is provided, followed by a description of a prevailing protocol for OBS networks called just-enough-time (JET). Algorithms used as an OBS core node for burst scheduling as well as contention resolution strategies are presented next. Trade-offs between their performance and implementation complexities are discussed. Recent work on QoS support, IP/WDM multicast, TCP performance in OBS networks, and labeled OBS is also described, and several open issues are mentioned.

Optical burst switching: a new area in optical networking research

Optical burst switching (OBS) is a promising switching technology to exploit the potential benefits of optical communication and, at the same time, support statistical multiplexing of data traffic at a fine granularity. To quantify its benefits, the paper describes several typical burst assembly algorithms and studies their impact on the assembled burst traffic characteristics as well as the performance of TCP traffic. Also described is a proactive burst scheduling algorithm, called burst overlap reduction algorithm (BORA), which schedules locally assembled bursts in such a way as to reduce burst contention at downstream nodes in OBS networks. Furthermore, to provide analytical insights into performance evaluation of OBS networks, a burst loss model at an OBS node and its extension to different reservation protocols are presented.

Traffic statistics and performance evaluation in optical burst switched networks

Optical burst switching (OBS) is a promising paradigm for the next-generation Internet. In OBS, a key problem is to schedule bursts on wavelength channels whose bandwidth may become fragmented with the so-called void (or idle) intervals with both fast and bandwidth efficient algorithms so as to reduce burst loss. To date, only two scheduling algorithms, called Horizon and LAUC-VF, have been proposed, which trade off bandwidth efficiency for fast running time and vice versa, respectively. In this paper, we propose several novel algorithms for scheduling bursts in OBS networks with and without fiber delay lines (FDLs). In networks without FDLs, our proposed Min-SV algorithm can schedule a burst successfully in O(logm) time, where m is the total number of void intervals, as long as there is a suitable void interval. Simulation results suggest that our algorithm achieves a loss rate which is at least as low as the best previously known algorithm LAUC-VF, but can run much faster. In fact, its speed can be almost the same as Horizon (which has a much higher loss rate). In networks with FDLs, our proposed batching FDL algorithm considers a batch of FDLs simultaneously to find a suitable FDL to delay a burst which would otherwise be discarded due to contention, instead of considering the FDLs one by one. The average search time of this algorithm is therefore significantly reduced from that of the existing sequential search algorithms.

Efficient channel scheduling algorithms in optical burst switched networks

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Next-Generation FTTH Passive Optical Networks

We present a detailed analysis of the JIT, JET, and Horizon wavelength reservation schemes for optical burst switched (OBS) networks. Our analysis accounts for several important parameters, including the burst offset length, and the optical switching and hardware processing overheads associated with bursts as they travel across the network. The contributions of our work include: (i) analytical models of JET and Horizon (on a single OBS node) that are more accurate than previously published ones, and which are valid for general burst length and offset length distributions; (ii) the determination of the regions of parameter values in which a more complex reservation scheme reduces to a simpler one; and (iii) a new reservation scheme, JIT+, which is as simple to implement as JIT, but whose performance tracks that of Horizon and JET. We compare the performance of the four wavelength reservation schemes on a single OBS node, as well as on a path of OBS nodes with cross traffic, under various sets of parameter values. Our major finding is that, under reasonable assumptions regarding the current and future state-of-the-art in optical switch and electronic hardware technologies, the simplicity of JIT and JIT+ seem to outweigh any performance benefits of Horizon and JET.

/pdf/a-detailed-analysis-and-performance-comparison-of-wavelength-1zy2eap8de.pdf

A Detailed Analysis and Performance Comparison of Wavelength Reservation Schemes for Optical Burst Switched Networks

Optical Burst Switching (OBS) is considered as a promising switching technique for building the next generation optical Internet. In OBS networks, one important issue is how the performance will be affected by bursts assembled from packets, which is the basic transmission unit in OBS. In this paper, we study the fundamental statistic properties such as the burst length distribution, inter-arrival time distribution, as well as correlation structure of assembled burst traffic from burst assembly algorithms. From both theoretical and empirical results, it is demonstrated that after the assembly, the traffic will in general approach the Gaussian distribution. In particular, the variance of assembled traffic decreases with the increase in the assembly window size and the traffic load. However, the long range dependence in the input traffic will not change after assembly. Such smoothed assembled traffic will enhance the OBS performance by reducing burst loss and increase OBS throughput. This result is useful for the future study of OBS node and networks.© (2002) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.

Study of traffic statistics of assembled burst traffic in optical burst-switched networks

Feature Issue on Next-Generation WDM Network Design and Routing (WDMN). Optical burst switching (OBS) is a promising paradigm for the future Internet infrastructure. Owing to the lack of an optical buffer, burst loss in OBS networks is a major concern. The problem of how to schedule as many bursts as possible to minimize the burst loss has been under intense research in the past several years. We classify the approaches to burst scheduling and review the recent research.

Recent progress in the scheduling algorithms in optical-burst-switched networks [Invited]

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Study of traffic statistics of assembled burst traffic in optical burst-switched networks

Traffic statistics and performance evaluation in optical burst switched networks

Recent progress in the scheduling algorithms in optical-burst-switched networks [Invited]