With the rapid expansion in energy demands and depletion of fossil fuel reservoirs, the importance of clean energy production and storage has increased drastically. The renewable energy recourses are cost effective, sustainable and carbon dioxide emission free alternatives. Nevertheless, this energy is not always available and needs to be stored. Lithium ion batteries (LIBs) are rapidly used in various applications such as powering electronics, electric vehicles and grid energy storage. However, the increasing concerns regarding load leveling of renewable energy and rise in cost of LIBs due to limited availability of lithium reserves arises doubts whether LIBs alone can meet the rising demands for mid-to-large-scale energy storage. Therefore, attention has been shifted towards development of sodium ion batteries (SIBs) which have wide reserves and low precursor cost and thus is considered as appropriate choice for solar and wind energy development. The prime problem encountered in development of large-scale SIBs is the low effectiveness of appropriate anode material because of large size and sluggish kinetics of Na ions. A comprehensive study regarding anode materials is reported focusing on storage mechanism and structural changes involved during storage of Na ions in various classes of anode materials including carbon-based materials, conversion, conversion/alloying and organic materials. A brief overview of various components of SIBs such as cathode, electrolyte and separator are also discussed.

Prospects in anode materials for sodium ion batteries - A review

Molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) has been considered to be a promising anode material for sodium ion batteries (SIBs), because of its high capacity and graphene-like layered structure. However, irreversible conversion reaction during the sodiation/desodiation process is a major problem that must be overcome before its practical applications. In this work, MoS2/amorphous carbon (C) microtubes (MTs) composed of heterostructured MoS2/C nanosheets have been developed via a simple template method. The existence of MoS2/C heterointerface plays a key role in achieving high and stable performance by stabilizing the reaction products Mo and sulfide phases, providing fast electronic and Na+ ions diffusion mobility, and alleviating the volume change. MoS2/C MTs exhibit a high reversible specific capacity of 563.5 mA h g–1 at 0.2 A g–1, good rate performance (520.5, 489.4, 452.9, 425.1, and 401.3 mA h g–1 at 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 5.0, and 10.0 A g–1, respectively), and excellent cycling stability (484.9 mA h g–1 at 2.0 A g–1 aft...

Construction of MoS2/C Hierarchical Tubular Heterostructures for High-Performance Sodium Ion Batteries

Layered tin sulfides have attracted great interest as high-capacity anode materials in Li-ion batteries (LIBs) and Na-ion batteries (NIBs). In this review, we focus on the recent research progress in the area of design and synthesis of tin sulfides and selenides (SnS, SnS2, SnSe, and SnSe2) based anode materials for LIBs and NIBs. After a brief introduction on the energy concerns and the development prospects of LIBs and NIBs, we further detailed the properties and advantages of tin sulfides and selenides based anode materials for LIBs and NIBs. Besides the material structure design and optimization, the underlying mechanism and theoretical analysis for improved electrochemical performance are also presented. Additionally, comparison of tin sulfides and selenides is also mentioned. Innovative strategies that have demonstrated the effectiveness of enhancing the performance of tin sulfides and selenides based anode materials for LIBs and NIBs are summarized. We hope this timely review can shed light on research and development of tin sulfides and selenides as high-performance anode materials which are not only a good supplement to material pool of the commercialized LIBs, but also help facilitate the development of low-cost and sustainable NIBs for stationary energy storage in the future.

Layered tin sulfide and selenide anode materials for Li- and Na-ion batteries

MXene-decorated SnS2/Sn3S4 hybrid as anode material for high-rate lithium-ion batteries

Applications of Tin Sulfide‐Based Materials in Lithium‐Ion Batteries and Sodium‐Ion Batteries

A designed hierarchical nanostructure consisting of SnS nanosheets and ultrathin MoS2 nanosheets was achieved by a facile hydrothermal process with the assistance of fluoride and glucose. In this unique architecture, on the one hand, SnS and MoS2 nanosheets can greatly reduce the Li-ion and electron diffusion distance in the electrode. On the other hand, MoS2 nanosheets and amorphous carbon can not only prevent the direct exposure of SnS to the electrolyte but also maintain the structural stability of the electrode. In addition, the MoS2 nanosheets can offer more active sites for hosting lithium ions, resulting in higher capacity. When evaluated as anode material for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), this SnS/MoS2–C composite exhibited stable cycling performance (989.7 mA h g−1 at 0.2 A g−1 after 60 cycles), superior rate capability (675 mA h g−1 even at 5.0 A g−1) and a long cycle life (718 mA h g−1 at 2.0 A g−1 after 700 cycles). Therefore, this SnS/MoS2–C composite is a promising candidate as anode material for next-generation high-performance LIBs.

MoS2-covered SnS nanosheets as anode material for lithium-ion batteries with high capacity and long cycle life

Facile synthesis of M-Sb (M = Ni, Sn) alloy nanoparticles embedded in N-doped carbon nanosheets as high performance anode materials for lithium ion batteries

Sb@C/expanded graphite as high-performance anode material for lithium ion batteries

Moisture–electric generator (MEG)‐based blue energy is widely studied. There is still a significant challenge in improving the power of the MEGs system and expanding its application in self‐powered electronic skin. Inspired by the structure of ferns, a biomimetic moisture–electric aerogel is designed to collect energy. Polyvinyl alcohol dendritic colloids act as “roots” and “stems” to provide support and channels to transport water molecules. Meanwhile, “leaf‐like” graphene oxide sheets generate electricity through direct interaction with water. Besides, based on the above biomimetic structure, this work further enhances the output performance of MEGs by increasing the specific surface area (120.4 m2 g−1) and introducing an ultra‐high ion density gradient (from −35 to +37 mV). Meanwhile, due to the excellent water absorption, the MEGs show good salt resistance and cyclic stability. By constructing unique biomimetic structures, ultra‐high ion density gradient, and regulating environmental conditions, a high‐performance MEG is obtained, including ultra‐high open‐circuit voltage (1.9 V) and short‐circuit current (82.5 µA), the industry‐leading power density among MEGs with continuous output is reported in the literature (22.55 µW cm−2). Besides, the MEGs can accurately respond to environmental and pressure changes, showing its application potential in self‐powered electronic skin.

Biomimetic Aerogel for Moisture‐Induced Energy Harvesting and Self‐Powered Electronic Skin

Carbon Nanosheets Encapsulated NiSb Nanoparticles as Advanced Anode Materials for Lithium-Ion Batteries

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