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Principles Of Optics Electromagnetic Theory Of Propagation Interference And Diffraction Of Light

Metamaterials are composed of periodic subwavelength metal/dielectric structures that resonantly couple to the electric and/or magnetic components of the incident electromagnetic fields, exhibiting properties that are not found in nature. This class of micro- and nano-structured artificial media have attracted great interest during the past 15 years and yielded ground-breaking electromagnetic and photonic phenomena. However, the high losses and strong dispersion associated with the resonant responses and the use of metallic structures, as well as the difficulty in fabricating the micro- and nanoscale 3D structures, have hindered practical applications of metamaterials. Planar metamaterials with subwavelength thickness, or metasurfaces, consisting of single-layer or few-layer stacks of planar structures, can be readily fabricated using lithography and nanoprinting methods, and the ultrathin thickness in the wave propagation direction can greatly suppress the undesirable losses. Metasurfaces enable a spatially varying optical response (e.g. scattering amplitude, phase, and polarization), mold optical wavefronts into shapes that can be designed at will, and facilitate the integration of functional materials to accomplish active control and greatly enhanced nonlinear response. This paper reviews recent progress in the physics of metasurfaces operating at wavelengths ranging from microwave to visible. We provide an overview of key metasurface concepts such as anomalous reflection and refraction, and introduce metasurfaces based on the Pancharatnam-Berry phase and Huygens' metasurfaces, as well as their use in wavefront shaping and beam forming applications, followed by a discussion of polarization conversion in few-layer metasurfaces and their related properties. An overview of dielectric metasurfaces reveals their ability to realize unique functionalities coupled with Mie resonances and their low ohmic losses. We also describe metasurfaces for wave guidance and radiation control, as well as active and nonlinear metasurfaces. Finally, we conclude by providing our opinions of opportunities and challenges in this rapidly developing research field.

A review of metasurfaces: physics and applications.

There have been three basic approaches to optical tomography since the early 1980s: diffraction tomography, diffuse optical tomography and optical coherence tomography (OCT). Optical techniques are of particular importance in the medical field, because these techniques promise to be safe and cheap and, in addition, offer a therapeutic potential. Advances in OCT technology have made it possible to apply OCT in a wide variety of applications but medical applications are still dominating. Specific advantages of OCT are its high depth and transversal resolution, the fact, that its depth resolution is decoupled from transverse resolution, high probing depth in scattering media, contact-free and non-invasive operation, and the possibility to create various function dependent image contrasting methods. This report presents the principles of OCT and the state of important OCT applications. OCT synthesises cross-sectional images from a series of laterally adjacent depth-scans. At present OCT is used in three different fields of optical imaging, in macroscopic imaging of structures which can be seen by the naked eye or using weak magnifications, in microscopic imaging using magnifications up to the classical limit of microscopic resolution and in endoscopic imaging, using low and medium magnification. First, OCT techniques, like the reflectometry technique and the dual beam technique were based on time-domain low coherence interferometry depth-scans. Later, Fourier-domain techniques have been developed and led to new imaging schemes. Recently developed parallel OCT schemes eliminate the need for lateral scanning and, therefore, dramatically increase the imaging rate. These schemes use CCD cameras and CMOS detector arrays as photodetectors. Video-rate three-dimensional OCT pictures have been obtained. Modifying interference microscopy techniques has led to high-resolution optical coherence microscopy that achieved sub-micrometre resolution. This report is concluded with a short presentation of important OCT applications. Ophthalmology is, due to the transparent ocular structures, still the main field of OCT application. The first commercial instrument too has been introduced for ophthalmic diagnostics (Carl Zeiss Meditec AG). Advances in using near-infrared light, however, opened the path for OCT imaging in strongly scattering tissues. Today, optical in vivo biopsy is one of the most challenging fields of OCT application. High resolution, high penetration depth, and its potential for functional imaging attribute to OCT an optical biopsy quality, which can be used to assess tissue and cell function and morphology in situ. OCT can already clarify the relevant architectural tissue morphology. For many diseases, however, including cancer in its early stages, higher resolution is necessary. New broad-bandwidth light sources, like photonic crystal fibres and superfluorescent fibre sources, and new contrasting techniques, give access to new sample properties and unmatched sensitivity and resolution.

/pdf/optical-coherence-tomography-principles-and-applications-17y32cabbm.pdf

Optical coherence tomography - principles and applications

Thirty years ago, Coullet et al. proposed that a special optical field exists in laser cavities bearing some analogy with the superfluid vortex. Since then, optical vortices have been widely studied, inspired by the hydrodynamics sharing similar mathematics. Akin to a fluid vortex with a central flow singularity, an optical vortex beam has a phase singularity with a certain topological charge, giving rise to a hollow intensity distribution. Such a beam with helical phase fronts and orbital angular momentum reveals a subtle connection between macroscopic physical optics and microscopic quantum optics. These amazing properties provide a new understanding of a wide range of optical and physical phenomena, including twisting photons, spin-orbital interactions, Bose-Einstein condensates, etc., while the associated technologies for manipulating optical vortices have become increasingly tunable and flexible. Hitherto, owing to these salient properties and optical manipulation technologies, tunable vortex beams have engendered tremendous advanced applications such as optical tweezers, high-order quantum entanglement, and nonlinear optics. This article reviews the recent progress in tunable vortex technologies along with their advanced applications.

/pdf/optical-vortices-30-years-on-oam-manipulation-from-2yknluuuga.pdf

Optical vortices 30 years on: OAM manipulation from topological charge to multiple singularities

A review on continuous wave functional near-infrared spectroscopy and imaging instrumentation and methodology.

An amplitude-phase modulation method (APMM) is applied to realize the uniform long-focal-depth (LFD) function of metallic cylindrical focusing micromirrors (MCFMs). Based on rigorous electromagnetic theory and the boundary element method, focal properties of the designed MCFMs are characterized, which contain the actual focal depth, the focal spot size, the normalized encircled energy, the real focal length, and the axial intensity uniformity. On appropriately choosing the incident amplitude distribution with apodization, the designed MCFMs demonstrate the LFD properties with uniform intensity distributions. The superiority of the APMM to the pure phase modulation method is revealed in achieving a higher normalized encircled energy.

Uniform axial intensity distributions of long-focal-depth cylindrical micromirrors realized by an amplitude-phase modulation method

Fast Terahertz Image Classification with a Single-Pixel Detector

Focusing of terahertz (THz) surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs) excited by linearly and circularly polarized THz radiation is investigated experimentally and theoretically. A high-speed THz-SPPs imaging system is built up to measure both the amplitude and phase of the excited THz-SPPs. For the horizontally polarized THz radiation, the THz-SPPs will be focused in the centre of the semicircular slit and the phase images reveals a π/2 Gouy phase shift though the focal spot of THz-SPPs. With the illumination of vertically polarized THz radiation, the focal spot in the centre will split into two focal spots in the y-direction. For the circularly polarized incident THz radiation, the focal spot of THz-SPPs will shift upward or downward in the y-direction. FDTD simulations are performed and compared with the experimental results. A good agreement between experimental results and simulation results can be found.

Polarization-dependent focusing of terahertz surface plasmon polaritons

Optical constants of lactose pumped by strong terahertz (THz) waves have been investigated. The sample was measured by a THz-pump/THz-probe system, in which the electric field strength of the pump-THz waves exceeds 120 kV/cm. When the lactose sample is pumped by strong THz pulses, its probed response signal lasts about 2 ps. With different delay time, the optical constants of lactose was also measured and discussed. The experimental results show that the optical properties of lactose molecules can be changed by high-intensity THz waves, and this change is related to the applied the interaction time, which is in the order of picosecond.

Optical constants of lactose pumped by strong terahertz waves

Recently, issues on the environment pollution have been more attractive than ever, especially on the disaster caused by oil leak in the sea. The conventional methods seem to show little help in monitoring the water pollution involved with oil[1,2]. In this paper, we demonstrated the reflective THz imaging to detect the water polluted by oil.

Monitoring the oil pollution in water with reflective terahertz tomography

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Papers

Uniform axial intensity distributions of long-focal-depth cylindrical micromirrors realized by an amplitude-phase modulation method

Fast Terahertz Image Classification with a Single-Pixel Detector

Polarization-dependent focusing of terahertz surface plasmon polaritons

Optical constants of lactose pumped by strong terahertz waves

Monitoring the oil pollution in water with reflective terahertz tomography