Sulfite-based advanced oxidation and reduction processes for water treatment

Present and past anthropogenic pollution of the hydrosphere and lithosphere is a growing concern around the world for sustainable development and human health. Current industrial activity, abandoned contaminated plants and mining sites, and even everyday life is a pollution source for our environment. There is therefore a crucial need to clean industrial and municipal effluents and remediate contaminated soil and groundwater. Nanosized zero-valent iron (nZVI) is an emerging material in these fields due to its high reactivity and expected low impact on the environment due to iron's high abundance in the earth crust. Currently, there is an intensive research to test the effectiveness of nZVI in contaminant removal processes from water and soil and to modify properties of this material in order to fulfill specific application requirements. The number of laboratory tests, field applications, and investigations for the environmental impact are strongly increasing. The aim of the present review is to provide an overview of the current knowledge about the catalytic activity, reactivity and efficiency of nZVI in removing toxic organic and inorganic materials from water, wastewater, and soil and groundwater, as well as its toxic effect for microorganisms and plants.

Synthesis and Application of Zero-Valent Iron Nanoparticles in Water Treatment, Environmental Remediation, Catalysis, and Their Biological Effects

The effect of hybrid zinc oxide/graphene oxide (ZnO/GO) nano-catalysts on the photocatalytic degradation of simazine.

Semiconductor photocatalysis technology for environmental remediation faces primary challenges, such as charge-carrier recombination and interfacial charge transfer inhibition, which affect its degradation efficiency in removing organic contaminants. In this work, we successfully synthesized a unique Z-scheme KNbO3/ZnIn2S4 hollow core–shell microsphere via a combined hard template, thermal treatment, and hydrothermal processes as the photocatalyst for ciprofloxacin (CIP), oxytetracycline hydrochloride (OTCH), and rhodamine B (RhB) remediation under sunlight irradiation. Compared to the pure KNbO3 and ZnIn2S4, our optimized 15-KNbO3/ZnIn2S4 composite exhibited enhanced photodegradation performance with up to 99.8 %, 96.8 % and 97.5 % for CIP, OTCH, and RhB removal within 110 min, respectively. At the KNbO3/ZnIn2S4 heterojunction interface, the composite developed its internal electric field and enhanced its photoabsorption under visible light region, thus boosting its charge separation. Subsequently, we evaluate the removal of total organic carbon (TOC) concentration and the influence of different ions on CIP degradation. In addition, we systematically investigated the Z-scheme charge migration process within the heterojunction with a series of experiments. Our results indicated that the hydroxyl and superoxide radicals were the dominant active species during photocatalysis. The composite also could achieve excellent stability and adaptability. We also managed to identify the CIP-degraded intermediates and deduce their possible degradation pathways. Lastly, our toxicity analysis revealed that CIP toxicity could decrease gradually during photocatalysis. In this work, we presented a unique method for preparing inexpensive and highly efficient Z-scheme hollow core–shell structure photocatalysts with excellent antibiotic remediation in water under simulated sunlight illumination. 

Elucidation of mechanisms, pathways, and toxicity of fabricated Z-scheme KNbO3/ZnIn2S4 hollow core–shell composites for enhanced ciprofloxacin photodegradation

Water pollution caused by the massive use of medicines has caused significant environmental problems. This work first reports the synthesis and characterization of the Cu7S4/CuCo2O4 (CS/CCO) yolk–shell microspheres via hydrothermal and annealing methods, and then investigates their photocatalytic performance in removing organic water pollutants. The 10-CS/CCO composite with yolk–shell microspheres exhibits the highest photodegradation rate of carbamazepine (CBZ), reaching 96.3% within 2 h. The 10-CS/CCO also demonstrates more than two times higher photodegradation rates than the pure (Cu7S4) CS and (CuCo2O4) CCO. This outstanding photocatalytic performance can be attributed to the unique yolk–shell structure and the Z-scheme charge transfer pathway, reducing multiple reflections of the acting light. These factors enhance the light absorption efficiency and efficiently transfer photoexcited charge carriers. In-depth, photocatalytic degradation pathways of CBZ are systematically evaluated via the identification of degradation intermediates with Fukui index calculation. The insights gained from this work can serve as a guideline for developing low-cost and efficient Z-scheme photocatalyst composites with the yolk–shell structure. 

Construction of Cu 7 S 4 @CuCo 2 O 4 Yolk–Shell Microspheres Composite and Elucidation of Its Enhanced Photocatalytic Activity, Mechanism, and Pathway for Carbamazepine Degradation

Efficient degradation of orange II by core shell CoFe2O4-CeO2 nanocomposite with the synergistic effect from sodium persulfate.

Degradation of orange II by Fe@Fe2O3 core shell nanomaterials assisted by NaHSO3.

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Efficient degradation of orange II by core shell CoFe2O4-CeO2 nanocomposite with the synergistic effect from sodium persulfate.

Degradation of orange II by Fe@Fe2O3 core shell nanomaterials assisted by NaHSO3.