Neuroimaging has revolutionized our understanding of brain function and has become an essential tool for researchers studying neurological disorders. Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and electroencephalography (EEG) are two widely used neuroimaging techniques to review changes in brain activity. fMRI is a noninvasive technique that uses magnetic fields and radio waves to produce detailed brain images. An EEG is a noninvasive technique that records the brain’s electrical activity through electrodes placed on the scalp. This review overviews recent developments in noninvasive functional neuroimaging methods, including fMRI and EEG. Recent advances in fMRI technology, its application to studying brain function, and the impact of neuroimaging techniques on neuroscience research are discussed. Advances in EEG technology and its applications to analyzing brain function and neural oscillations are also highlighted. In addition, advanced courses in neuroimaging, such as diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) and transcranial electrical stimulation (TES), are described, along with their role in studying brain connectivity, white matter tracts, and potential treatments for schizophrenia and chronic pain. Application. The review concludes by examining neuroimaging studies of neurodevelopmental and neurological disorders such as autism spectrum disorder (ASD), attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), Alzheimer’s disease (AD), and Parkinson’s disease (PD). We also described the role of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) in ASD, ADHD, AD, and PD. Neuroimaging techniques have significantly advanced our understanding of brain function and provided essential insights into neurological disorders. However, further research into noninvasive treatments such as EEG, MRI, and TES is necessary to continue to develop new diagnostic and therapeutic strategies for neurological disorders.

/pdf/exploring-the-frontiers-of-neuroimaging-a-review-of-recent-2xx3bssn.pdf

Exploring the Frontiers of Neuroimaging: A Review of Recent Advances in Understanding Brain Functioning and Disorders

Despite the introduction of combined antiretroviral therapy, AIDS-related diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (AR-DLBCL) remains a prominent cancer among individuals living with HIV with a suboptimal prognosis. Identifying independent prognostic markers could improve risk stratification.In this multicenter retrospective cohort study spanning years 2011 to 2019, 153 eligible patients with AR-DLBCL were examined. Overall survival (OS) factors were analyzed using Kaplan–Meier curves, and univariate and multivariate Cox proportional hazards models. The discriminatory ability of the risk score was evaluated by examining the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve.The study included 153 patients with a median age of 47 years (interquartile range [IQR] 39–58), 83.7% of whom were men. The median follow-up was 12.0 months (95% confidence interval [CI], 8.5–15.5), with an OS rate of 35.9%. Among the potential inflammatory markers examined, only the ratio of hemoglobin (g/dL) to red cell distribution width (%) (Hb/RDW) emerged as an independent prognostic parameter for OS in the training (hazard ratios [HR] = 2.645, 95% CI = 1.267–5.522, P = 0.010) and validation cohorts (HR = 2.645, 95% CI = 1.267–5.522, P = 0.010). A lower Hb/RDW ratio was strongly correlated with adverse clinical factors, including advanced Ann Arbor stage, increased extranodal sites, reduced CD4 count, elevated lactate dehydrogenase levels, poorer Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status (ECOG PS), and a higher International Prognostic Index (IPI) score. The addition of the Hb/RDW ratio to the IPI produced a highly discriminatory prognostic composite score, termed Hb/RDW-IPI.We identified a cost-effective and readily available inflammatory biomarker, the Hb/RDW ratio, as an independent predictor of outcomes in patients with AR-DLBCL. Its integration into the IPI score partially improves prognostic accuracy.

Ratio of hemoglobin to red cell distribution width: an inflammatory predictor of survival in AIDS-related DLBCL

Abstract Little is known about the outcome for HIV-associated Hodgkin lymphoma (HIV-HL) as this is less common than HIV-negative lymphoma. Therefore, we performed a multi-center study to analyze the clinical characteristics and outcomes of HIV-HL patients in China. Nineteen cases of HIV-HL were diagnosed and treated at three center and including the sixth people’s hospital of Zhengzhou, Peking union medical college hospital, and Chongqing university cancer hospital, between December 2013 and June 2022. Data on the clinical features, laboratory results, response, and prognosis were collected and analyzed. The median age at diagnosis was 43(22–74) years. All patients were infected with HIV through sexual transmission, with ten cases transmitted through man having sex with man (MSM) and nine cases transmitted through heterosexual transmission. Seven patients were diagnosed with lymphoma and found to be infected with HIV. Four cases were in stage III, and fifteen cases were in stage IV. After a median follow up of 46.8(4.0-112.9) months, 17 cases were alive after ABVD regimen chemotherapy combined with combination antiretroviral therapy (cART). The 5-year progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) rate were 83.9% and 89.5%,respectively. HIV-HL exhibits an invasive process in clinical practice, and cART combined with ABVD regimen chemotherapy can achieve long-term survival for patients. 

Outcome in patients with HIV-associated Hodgkin lymphoma treated with chemotherapy using Doxorubicin, Bleomycin, Vinblastine, and Dacarbazine in the combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) era: results of a multicenter study from China

<title>Abstract</title> Combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) has improved outcomes for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) associated non-Hodgkin lymphoma. This is an analysis of 127 patients with HIV with Burkitt lymphoma (HIV-BL) and diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (HIV-DLBCL) treated in China over a 17-year period during the cART and rituximab era. The median CD4 count for the cohorts was 0.141×109/L (range, 0.001–0.861×109/L). DA-EPOCH ± R (54%) were most commonly used in HIV-BL. CHOP ± R (42%) was most commonly used to treat HIV-DLBCL. The complete response rate after first-line curative therapy was 10/28 (36%) in HIV-BL and 25/57 (44%) in HIV-DLBCL. The 2-year progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) for the HIV-BL cohort was 50% and 41% respectively. The 2-year PFS and OS for the HIV-DLBCL cohort was 55% and 47% respectively. Current China practice favours the treatment of HIV-BL and HIV-DLBCL similarly to the HIV-negative population with the use of concurrent cART. However, due to the extremely low percentage of patients receiving cART prior to the lymphoma diagnosis, the high percentage of patients with poor performance status, and the advanced stage at diagnosis, the treatment of HIV-related lymphoma remains the major challenge in China.

Survival of HIV associated diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, and Burkitt lymphoma in China: a 17-year retrospective study

Abstract Objectives: The current study sought to determine the potential use of the CT radiomics model in predicting overall survival in DLBCL patients. Methods: The CT images and clinical data of DLBCL patients receiving chemotherapy from January 2013 to May 2018 were retrospectively analyzed, and 130 patients were included and categorized as training cohort (n=91) and validation cohort (n=39) at a 7:3 ratio. The CT radiomics features were extracted, and the Rad-score was calculated using the LASSO (least absolute shrinkage and selection operator) algorithm. Univariate and multivariate Cox regression was used to screen independent risk factors, and then a nomogram model was developed jointly with the Rad-score. The ROC(operating characteristic curve), calibration curve, and decision curve assessments were utilized to assess the model's effectiveness, accuracy, and clinical significance in predicting OS. Results: In total, 878 CT radiomics features were obtained from each patient, and 15 features highly correlated with OS in DLBCL patients were screened to calculate the Rad-score used to predict OS. Patients with Rad-score &lt;-0.51 had a shorter overall survival time, and those with Rad-score &gt;-0.51 had a longer overall survival time. A nomogram model was constructed by combining independent risk factors (Ann Arbor staging, IPI score, PS, effectiveness) based on multivariate analysis and Rad-score. In the training and validation cohorts, the AUC values of the nomogram model for predicting 3 and 5 years OS were 0.860 and 0.810, respectively, 0.838 and 0.816 which were higher than the Rad-score (0.744 and 0.763, respectively, 0.787 and 0.563). Furthermore, the calibration and decision curve evaluations revealed that the nomogram model strongly agrees and has a high clinical value in predicting OS in DLBCL patients. Conclusion: The nomogram model based on clinical characteristics and CT radiomics features have a better prediction efficacy for overall survival following first-line treatment in DLBCL patients, and it exceeds the Rad-score model. 

The Role of CT Radiomics Analysis in Predicting Overall Survival Following initial Chemotherapy for Diffuse Large B-cell Lymphoma

Introduction Little is known about the first line induction chemotherapy cycles for HIV-associated diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) as these are less common than HIV-negative lymphoma. Currently, the optimal treatment cycles option remains undefined. Therefore, we performed a multi-center study to analyze the clinical characteristics and outcomes of HIV-associated DLBCL patients in different treatment modes in China. Methods Totally 273 newly diagnosed HIV-associated DLBCL patients at eleven large academic centers from October 2008 to October 2021, were analyzed. Results In the entire cohort, the median age was 47 years (range, 21-90) at lymphoma diagnosis, and 223 patients were male (81.7%). One hundred and ninety-four (71.1%) patients were germinal center B-cell-like lymphoma (GCB) subtype. Most patients (65.2%, 178/273) had elevated lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and advanced Ann Arbor stage (78.9% 213/273) at diagnosis. High international prognostic index (IPI) score (3-5) at diagnosis was found in 65.2% (178/273) of patients. One hundred and fifty-five patients (56.8%) had extranodal involvement. The median CD4 cell count was 168/μl (range, 2-1067), of whom 174 (63.7%) had a CD4 cell count below 200/μl. The median follow‐up of our cohort was 10.1 (0.1-160) months. The overall 2-year OS rates 58.0%. Median OS times in the 0, 1-3, 4-6, and >6 cycles chemotherapy cohort were 7.1 months, 20.0 months, not reached, and not reached, respectively (Hazard Ratio (HR)=0.549, 95% Confidence interval (CI) 0.451-0.667; p<0.001). Cox multivariate analysis showed that age ≥60 (HR=2.207, 95%CI 1.321-3.690; p=0.003), high IPI score (3-5) (HR=2.926, 95% CI 1.716-4.988; p<0.001), B symptoms (HR=1.928, 95%CI 1.192-3.119; p=0.007), elevated LDH (HR=1.696, 95%CI 1.031-2.791; p=0.038) and received less than 4 cycles chemotherapy (HR=0.520, 95%CI 0.424-0.637; p<0.001) were independent risk factor for adverse prognosis based on overall survival (OS). Discussion These results demonstrated that 4-6 cycles chemotherapy were significantly associated with improved outcomes in HIV-associated DLBCL patients. However, >6 cycles chemotherapy did not further improve the survival of patients.

/pdf/impact-of-initial-chemotherapy-cycles-and-clinical-2vqwyw3m.pdf

Impact of initial chemotherapy cycles and clinical characteristics on outcomes for HIV-associated diffuse large B cell lymphoma patients: The Central and Western China AIDS Lymphoma League 001 study (CALL-001 study)

Objective This study aimed to find out the clinical and cognitive effects of high-definition transcranial direct current stimulation (HD-tDCS) on the right orbital frontal cortex (OFC) in the treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Methods A total of 56 patients with ADHD were recruited as subjects and completely and randomly divided into the HD-tDCS group and the Sham group. A 1.0 mA anode current was applied to the right OFC. The HD-tDCS group received real stimulation, while the Sham group received sham stimulation in 10 sessions of treatment. ADHD symptom assessment (the SNAP-IV Rating Scale and the Perceived Stress Questionnaire) was carried out before treatment, after the 5th and 10th stimuli, and at the 6th week after the end of all stimulations, while the cognitive effect was assessed by the Integrated Visual and Auditory Continuous Performance Test (IVA-CPT), the Stroop Color and Word Test (Stroop), and the Tower of Hanoi (TOH). Repeated-measure ANOVA was used to find out the results of both groups before and after treatment. Results A total of 47 patients completed all sessions and evaluations. Their SNAP-IV score, their PSQ score, the mean visual and auditory reaction times by IVA-CPT, the interference RT of Stroop Color and Word, and the number of completed steps of TOH did not change with intervention time before and after treatment (P > 0.0031). However, the integrated visual and audiovisual commission errors and the TOH completion time results of the HD-tDCS group were significantly decreased after the 5th intervention, the 10th intervention, and the 6th week of intervention follow-up compared to the Sham group (P < 0.0031). Conclusion This study draws cautious conclusions that HD-tDCS does not significantly alleviate the overall symptoms of patients with ADHD but leads to significant improvements in the cognitive measures of attention maintenance. The study also attempted to fill in the gaps in research studies on HD-tDCS stimulation of the right OFC. Clinical trial registration ChiCTR2200062616.

/pdf/a-randomized-sham-controlled-trial-of-high-definition-2rkjmw56.pdf

A randomized, sham-controlled trial of high-definition transcranial direct current stimulation on the right orbital frontal cortex in children and adolescents with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder

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Impact of initial chemotherapy cycles and clinical characteristics on outcomes for HIV-associated diffuse large B cell lymphoma patients: The Central and Western China AIDS Lymphoma League 001 study (CALL-001 study)

A randomized, sham-controlled trial of high-definition transcranial direct current stimulation on the right orbital frontal cortex in children and adolescents with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder