Significant progress has been made in the prevention, control, and elimination of human parasitic diseases in China in the past 60 years. However, parasitic diseases of poverty remain major causes of morbidity and mortality, and inflict enormous economic costs on societies. In this article, we review the prevalence rates, geographical distributions, epidemic characteristics, risk factors, and clinical manifestations of parasitic diseases of poverty listed in the first issue of the journal Infectious Diseases of Poverty on 25 October 2012. We also address the challenges facing control of parasitic diseases of poverty and provide suggestions for better control.

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Major parasitic diseases of poverty in mainland China: perspectives for better control.

The Three Gorges Dam: Does it accelerate or delay the progress towards eliminating transmission of schistosomiasis in China?

Objective: This study explored the association between an Alu I polymorphism at position 1,377 of the calcitonin receptor (CTR) gene and endemic fluorosis. Subjects and Methods: A case-control study of 321 participants was conducted in regions with high fluorosis rates (Wushan and Fengjie counties) and those without high fluorosis rates (Yubei Qu county; termed nonfluorosis areas) in Chongqing, China. The participants were divided into three groups: the fluorosis group (FG) from areas with high fluoride exposure (121), the nonfluorosis group (NFG) from areas with high fluoride exposure (130), and a control group (CG) from areas with no excessive fluoride exposure (70). An Alu I polymorphism in the CTR gene was genotyped using polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis. Results: The genotype distributions within each group were as follows: CC 60.33% (73/121), CT 30.58% (37/121) and TT 9.09% (11/121) for the FG; CC 74.62% (97/130), CT 21.54% (28/130) and TT 3.85% (5/130) for the NFG, and CC 68.57% (48/70), CT 31.43% (22/70) and TT 0% (0/70) for the CG. Significant differences in Alu I genotypes were observed among the groups (χ2 = 12.317, υ = 4, p = 0.015). Allele frequencies of CTR genotypes differed significantly among the groups (χ2 = 8.859, υ = 2, p = 0.012): C 75.62% (183/242) and T 24.38% (59/242) for the FG, C 85.38% (222/260) and T 14.62% (38/260) for the NFG, and C 84.29% (118/140) and T 15.71% (22/140) for the CG. Conclusion: An association between fluorosis and the Alu I polymorphism in the CTR gene was observed in fluoride-exposed populations.

/pdf/the-relationship-between-alu-i-polymorphisms-in-the-24tqiqvytn.pdf

The relationship between Alu I polymorphisms in the calcitonin receptor gene and fluorosis endemic to Chongqing, China.

To study the relationship between chemical elements in soil and whole blood, and fluorosis induced by coal-fired pollution, ecological and case–control studies were carried out. We determined the concentrations of 11 chemical elements and pH values in soil in two fluorosis-affected counties in Chongqing, China, and analyzed the correlation between these values and prevalence of dental fluorosis. Ni, I, F, Hg, and pH values positively correlated with fluorosis prevalence (P < 0.05); these soil parameters may be related to coal-fired pollution fluorosis. Cu, Zn, Ca, Mg, and Fe concentrations in whole blood, and fluoride levels in urine of residents in epidemic and non-epidemic areas were determined. Cu, Zn, Mg, and Fe levels of the children in the case group were lower than those of the children in the external control group; urine fluoride level in the children in the case group was higher than that of the children in the internal and external control groups (P < 0.05). The levels of Mg, Fe, and urine fluoride were higher in the case adult group than in the internal adult control group (P < 0.05). Anti-fluoride elements were deficient in endemic areas.

The relationship between chemical elements in soil and whole blood, and fluorosis induced by coal-fired pollution

Objective: The purpose of the paper is to provide the result from investigation on the current situation of coal-burning fluorosis prevalence in Chongqing City and make an assessment on the prevention and curing measures. Method: The Dean’s Method is applied to investigate on the fluorotic teeth of locally-born children aged between 8 to 12; investigate how modified cooking stoves are utilized by households and how food maize and hot pepper are being dried; and test the urinary fluorine content and pepper fluorine content. Result: The investigations show that, in the 661 villages with illness history from the 100 townships of 13 districts in Chongqing City, 11.28% (7464/ 66,162) of the children aged between 8 and 12 suffer from dental fluorosis; the stoves modified rate, qualified rate of modified stoves, and correct utilization rate of qualified modified stoves are respectively 100%, 98.82%, and 99.45%; and food maize and hot pepper’s drying rates are respectively 99.88% and 99.75%. Conclusion: The result shows that the coal-burning type fluorosis prevalence in the endemic area of Chongqing City has decreased dramatically, the preventive measure is effectively implemented, and a long-term preventive mechanism has preliminarily been established.

/pdf/investigation-and-analysis-on-current-situation-of-coal-gup83q94pj.pdf

Investigation and Analysis on Current Situation of Coal-Burning Fluorosis Prevalence

Objective To monitor the epidemiological factors and the import of Oncomelania snail as the infectious source of schistosomiasis in the Three Gorges reservoir areas, and to provide evidences of setting up the scheme of prevention and control. Methods The paper-making raw materials, flowers and grass, fruit trees, etc imported from the epidemic areas were investigated in Wanzhou District. The floating population migrated from others cities were investigated in 3 counties, such as Wanzhou, Fengdu, and Yubei. Their serum samples were examined by IHA. The passengers of the round trip train from Chongqing to Wuhan were investigated by the questionnaire. The cattle imported form prevailing areas at Wanzhou District were investigated. The schistosomiasis cases were investigated at the central Hospital of Sanxia and hospitals in Chongqing.Results Paper-making raw materials, flowers and trees were imported from schistosomiasis epidemic areas to the Three Gorges reservoir areas. 372 people of the floating population from the epidemic areas of schistosomiasis were investigated. 1.34% of their serum samples were sero-positive for schistosome. 3.76% of these people had a disease history of schistosomiasis. 133 people returning from epidemic areas were investigated. 1.5% of their serum samples were sero-positive for schistosome. 10 schistosomiasis cases were treated by hospitals in 1989～2004. None of cattle was imported from the epidemic areas of schistosomiasis. Conclusions The change in the ecological environment contributes some epidemiological factors of schistosomiasis. Monitoring and prevention of schistosomiasis should be enhanced in the Three Gorge areas.

Analysis of the Epidemiological Factors of Schistosomiasis in the Three Gorges Reservoir Areas

Objective To investigate on epidemic factors of coal-burning endemic fluorosis areas in Chongqing and provide a scientific basis for control strategies.Method Dental fluorosis among children and prevention of fluorosis status were analyze through sampling and monitoring of coal,soil,air,water,food,vegetables,tea etc.Coal-burning fluorosis endemic factors and the control strategies were analyzed.Result 86509 children aged from 8～12 in 666 fluorosis regions were investigated.The detection rate of dental fluorosis is 51.05% and defect rate is 4.30%,with the index of 0.83.The fluorine content in coal,mixed coal-soil,soil mixed coal and soil were 310.56 mg / kg,360.51 mg / kg,293.62 mg / kg,497.54 mg / kg,respectively,are significantly higher than non-endemic area(48.68 mg / kg,275.66 mg / kg,150.20 mg / kg,269.98 mg / kg,respectively).There is no significantly difference in fluorine content between Fluoride cinder Ward(209.14 mg / kg)and non-endemic area(186.59 mg / kg).Fluorine content in water and endemic fluorosis pepper(0.30 mg / L,25.50 mg / kg)were significantly higher than those in non-endemic area(0.18mg / L,2.83 mg / kg).The fluorine contents in rice,potatoes and vegetables in endemic area(1.31 mg / kg,0.64 mg / kg,1.10 mg / kg) were significantly higher than those in non-endemic area(0.77 mg / kg,0.44 mg / kg,0.48 mg / kg).The fluorine content of the indoor air of 3 heavy,moderate fluorosis endemic villages(13.56,14.68 μg / m3)was significantly higher than that of the non-endemic area(1.00,0.31μg / m3).The fluoride intake of the residents in endemic areas via tea drinking(2.45 mg / person) was significantly higher than that innon-endemic area(1.80 mg / person).In the endemic areas,the consumption rate of rice was 100 percent,with annual per capita consumption of 77.68 kg;corn consumption rate was 54.63%,with annual per capita consumption of 17.79 kg.The stove pass correct utilization rate was 53.44%.Conclusion The main epidemic factors of coal-burning fluorosis in Chongqing is the fluoride which was released from high fluoride coal in cooking and heating.Fluorosis is manily caused by inhaling fluoride through respiratory tract.Whether there are other factors like tea drinking needs to be further studied.Correct usage stoves is still main prevention and control measures of coal-burning fluorosis.

Study on epidemic factors and countermeasures of coal-burning fluorosis in Chongqing.

Objective To investigate the current situation of endemic fluorosis related to air pollution caused by burning coal in Chongqing and to evaluate the effectiveness of countermeasures against fluorosis. Methods Dental fluorosis and skeletal fluorosis Ⅲ° were investigated among children aged 8 to 12 in 13 counties. Urine fluoride content of children sampled from each age group was detected. Fluoride content of corn and pepper was detected in fluorosis endemic areas. The oven improvement and diet were investigated. At the same time the dental fluorosis of children, fluoride content of urine, corn and pepper, oven improvement were investigated in non-endemic areas by sampling as control. Results 74795 children were investigated in 626 villages in endemic areas. The detected rate of dental fluorosis was 45.86% and the fraying rate was 7.09%. 222 cases of skeletal fluorosis Ⅲ° were diagnosed in 4 counties. The median of urine fluoride content was 0.89 mg/L and it was higher than 1 mg/L in 5 counties. The median of fluoride content in corn and pepper was 1.70 mg/kg and 9.20 mg/kg respectively; the detected rate of oven improvement was 68.85% and the rate of proper oven using was 70.00%. The rice was the major diet for local residents. 206 villages reached the criterion of controlled endemic area. The detected rate of dental fluorosis was more than 30% in 12 villages in non-endemic area. Conclusions The endemic areas are have shrunk, the disease situation is improved. Remarkable progress has been made in controlling fluorosis. However, the situations in some endemic areas are still serious and new endemic areas have appeared. So it was important to strengthen the defluoridizing measures mostly aiming at oven improvement.

Analysis on endemic fluorosis of burning coal pollution in Chongqing

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Analysis of the Epidemiological Factors of Schistosomiasis in the Three Gorges Reservoir Areas

Study on epidemic factors and countermeasures of coal-burning fluorosis in Chongqing.

Analysis on endemic fluorosis of burning coal pollution in Chongqing