A Green Route N, S-Doped Hard Carbon Derived from Fruit-Peel Biomass Waste as an Anode Material for Rechargeable Sodium-Ion Storage Applications

Silicon (Si) is considered to be the promising candidate anode for the next generation of high‐energy‐density batteries. However, the poor initial coulombic efficiency (ICE) and rate performance severely hinder its commercial development. Here, fully exploits the 2D structure of photovoltaic silicon waste (PV‐WSi), combining with the advantage of controllable depositing layers offered by fluidized bed atomic layer deposition (FBALD), to simultaneously achieve high ICE and highrate performance of Si‐based anodes. The characteristic of Li+ embedding vertically into the plane direction of the 2D sheet‐like structure of PV‐WSi helps shorten the diffusion distance, alleviating the pulverization problem caused by volume expansion. FBALD is utilized to controllably deposit Li2O (≈1 nm) and TiO2 (≈4 nm) layers to compensate for the loss of Li sources, further suppressing the volume expansion of Si and isolating the side reactions between Si and electrolyte. The prepared Si@Li2O@TiO2 demonstrates ultrahigh ICE (90.9%) and outstanding rate performance (>900 mAh g−1 at a rate of 20 A g−1). Full cells with the Si@Li2O@TiO2 anode and LiFePO4 cathode deliver a stable capacity of 100 mAh g−1 after 300 cycles at 0.5 C. This work provides new ideas for the development of high ICE, high‐rate Si‐based anodes based on low‐cost photovoltaic waste.

Controllable Interface Engineering for the Preparation of High Rate Silicon Anode

Sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) are regarded as one of the most promising choices for future large-scale energy storage systems due to their abundant sodium source and similar advantages to lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). However, the successful commercialization of SIBs predominantly relies on the progress in advanced anode material development. Hard carbon has received much attention as a promising anode material for energy storage systems because of its low cost, abundant source and high capacity. Based on the investigations regarding Na+ storage, the charge-discharge curve of hard carbon can be usually divided into two parts: the slope region at high voltage (>0.1 V vs. Na+/Na) and the plateau region (<0.1 V vs. Na+/Na) at low voltage. Both regions are closely related to the overall electrochemical performance of SIBs. Herein, we thoroughly explore the contributing factors that influence the slope and plateau regions of hard carbon and provide a comprehensive summary of the strategies used to extend the slope/plateau region, including heteroatom doping, pore structure design, interlayer space as well as electrolyte system. This review offers deep insights into the strategies of achieving high-performance hard carbon electrodes, which present promising opportunities for the development of next-generation sustainable batteries beyond LIBs. 

Overview of hard carbon anode for sodium-ion batteries: Influencing factors and strategies to extend slope and plateau regions

Heteroatom-doped porous carbon nanosheets have rapidly emerged as viable anode materials for lithium-ion batteries due to their high specific surface area, excellent electrical conductivity, and abundant active sites. Herein, phosphorus-doped carbon nanosheets (P-CNS) are synthesized via a space-confined carbonization strategy using phytic acid as carbon and phosphorus source and expanded vermiculite as a template. The obtained P-CNS have a unique sheet-like structure with a large surface area (∼746 m2/g), abundant hierarchical pore structure (the total pore volume of 0.609 cm3/g), and phosphorus atoms (the corresponding content of 2.25 %), which exists as P−O and P−C. P-CNS anode for lithium-ion batteries exhibits an excellent reversible capacity (1704 mAh/g at 0.05 A/g) and extraordinary cycling performance (capacity retention of 89.4 % at 5 A/g after 1000 cycles). The huge surface area and rich pore structure, which can provide transport paths and storage sites for lithium ions, are responsible for the exceptional performance. Furthermore, the phosphorus atoms not only introduce defects in P-CNS, but P−O and P−C can also increase the adsorption of lithium ions. This work provides a promising method to synthesize high-performance phosphorus-doped carbon nanosheets anode for lithium-ion batteries. 

A space-confined carbonization strategy to prepare P-doped carbon nanosheets using expanded vermiculite as a template for high-performance lithium-ion battery anode

Boosting sodium storage performance of biomass-derived porous carbon anodes by surface functionalized strategy

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/nano.202000114

Untra‐high pseudocapacitance enhanced anode of N, P dual‐doped carbon nanosheet derived from biomass toward high performance sodium ion battery

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Untra‐high pseudocapacitance enhanced anode of N, P dual‐doped carbon nanosheet derived from biomass toward high performance sodium ion battery