With the integration of advanced computing and communication technologies, smart grid is considered as the next-generation power system, which promises self healing, resilience, sustainability, and efficiency to the energy critical infrastructure. The smart grid innovation brings enormous challenges and initiatives across both industry and academia, in which the security issue emerges to be a critical concern. In this paper, we present a survey of recent security advances in smart grid, by a data driven approach. Compared with existing related works, our survey is centered around the security vulnerabilities and solutions within the entire lifecycle of smart grid data, which are systematically decomposed into four sequential stages: 1) data generation; 2) data acquisition; 3) data storage; and 4) data processing. Moreover, we further review the security analytics in smart grid, which employs data analytics to ensure smart grid security. Finally, an effort to shed light on potential future research concludes this paper.

Survey of Security Advances in Smart Grid: A Data Driven Approach

Network anomaly analysis is an emerging subtopic of network security. Network anomaly refers to the unusual behavior of network devices or suspicious network status. A number of intelligent visual tools are developed to enhance the ability of network security analysts in understanding the original data, ultimately solving network security problems. This paper surveys current progress and trends in network anomaly visualization. By providing an overview of network anomaly data, visualization tasks, and applications, we further elaborate on existing methods to depict various data features of network alerts, anomalous traffic, and attack patterns data. Directions for future studies are outlined at the end of this paper.

A survey of network anomaly visualization

Operators of cyber-physical systems (CPSs) need to maintain awareness of the cyber situation in order to be able to adequately address potential issues in a timely manner. For instance, detecting early symptoms of cyber attacks may speed up the incident response process and mitigate consequences of attacks (e.g., business interruption, safety hazards). However, attaining a full understanding of the cyber situation may be challenging, given the complexity of CPSs and the ever-changing threat landscape. In particular, CPSs typically need to be continuously operational, may be sensitive to active scanning, and often provide only limited in-depth analysis capabilities. To address these challenges, we propose to utilize the concept of digital twins for enhancing cyber situational awareness. Digital twins, i.e., virtual replicas of systems, can run in parallel to their physical counterparts and allow deep inspection of their behavior without the risk of disrupting operational technology services. This paper reports our work in progress to develop a cyber situational awareness framework based on digital twins that provides a profound, holistic, and current view on the cyber situation that CPSs are in. More specifically, we present a prototype that provides real-time visualization features (i.e., system topology, program variables of devices) and enables a thorough, repeatable investigation process on a logic and network level. A brief explanation of technological use cases and outlook on future development efforts completes this work.

Enhancing Cyber Situational Awareness for Cyber-Physical Systems through Digital Twins

Cyber situational awareness is an essential part of cyber defense that allows the cybersecurity operators to cope with the complexity of today's networks and threat landscape. Perceiving and comprehending the situation allow the operator to project upcoming events and make strategic decisions. In this paper, we recapitulate the fundamentals of cyber situational awareness and highlight its unique characteristics in comparison to generic situational awareness known from other fields. Subsequently, we provide an overview of existing research and trends in publishing on the topic, introduce front research groups, and highlight the impact of cyber situational awareness research. Further, we propose an updated taxonomy and enumeration of the components used for achieving cyber situational awareness. The updated taxonomy conforms to the widely-accepted three-level definition of cyber situational awareness and newly includes the projection level. Finally, we identify and discuss contemporary research and operational challenges, such as the need to cope with rising volume, velocity, and variety of cybersecurity data and the need to provide cybersecurity operators with the right data at the right time and increase their value through visualization.

SoK: contemporary issues and challenges to enable cyber situational awareness for network security

One of the important direction of research in situational awareness is implementation of visual analytics techniques which can be efficiently applied when working with big security data in critical operational domains. The paper considers a visual analytics technique for displaying a set of security metrics used to assess overall network security status and evaluate the efficiency of protection mechanisms. The technique can assist in solving such security tasks which are important for security information and event management (SIEM) systems. The approach suggested is suitable for displaying security metrics of large networks and support historical analysis of the data. To demonstrate and evaluate the usefulness of the proposed technique we implemented a use case corresponding to the Olympic Games scenario.

Visualization of Security Metrics for Cyber Situation Awareness

We offer algorithms and visualization techniques for cyber trust in a Smart Grid system. Cyber trust is evaluated in terms of a mathematical model consisting of availability, detection and false alarm trust values, as well as a model of predictability. We develop a prototype Cyber Situational Awareness Visualization (CyberSAVe) tool to visualize cyber trust. We provide Operational Decision Aids (ODAs) displayed in context with a SCADA management information. We define cyber trust metrics, which are calculated and displayed in real-time in the Metric Assessment System (MAS) of CyberSAVe. We demonstrate the use of trust combined with visualization of trust to detect various types of attacks on the Smart Grid.

CyberSAVe – Situational Awareness Visualization for Cyber Security of Smart Grid Systems (Demo, Presentation)

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CyberSAVe – Situational Awareness Visualization for Cyber Security of Smart Grid Systems (Demo, Presentation)