Rapid progress in identifying biomarkers that are hallmarks of disease has increased demand for high-performance detection technologies. Implementation of electrochemical methods in clinical analysis may provide an effective answer to the growing need for rapid, specific, inexpensive, and fully automated means of biomarker analysis. This Review summarizes advances from the past 5 years in the development of electrochemical sensors for clinically relevant biomolecules, including small molecules, nucleic acids, and proteins. Various sensing strategies are assessed according to their potential for reaching relevant limits of sensitivity, specificity, and degrees of multiplexing. Furthermore, we address the remaining challenges and opportunities to integrate electrochemical sensing platforms into point-of-care solutions.

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Electrochemical Methods for the Analysis of Clinically Relevant Biomolecules

Fabrication of β-cyclodextrin/poly (l-glutamic acid) supported magnetic graphene oxide and its adsorption behavior for 17β-estradiol

For developing highly selective and sensitive electrochemical sensors for chiral recognition, taking advantage of the synthetical properties of β-cyclodextrin (β-CD, strong host–guest recognition) and carbon nanotubes wrapped with reduced graphene oxide (CNTs@rGO, excellent electrochemical property and large surface area), as well as the differences in binding affinity between β-CD and guest molecules, a dual signal electrochemical sensing strategy was proposed herein for the first time in chiral recognition based on the competitive host–guest interaction between probe and chiral isomers with β-CD/CNTs@rGO. As a model system, rhodamine B (RhB) and phenylalanine enantiomers (d- and l-Phe) were introduced as probe and target enantiomers, respectively. Due to the host–guest interactions, RhB can enter into the β-CD cavity, showing remarkable oxidation peak current of RhB. In the presence of l-Phe, competitive interaction with the β-CD cavity occurs and RhB are replaced by l-Phe owing to the stronger binding ...

Dual-Signal Electrochemical Enantiospecific Recognition System via Competitive Supramolecular Host–Guest Interactions: The Case of Phenylalanine

Owing to the hydrophobic inner cavity and hydrophilic exterior of cyclodextrins (CDs), CDs molecules could exhibit excellent properties in water solubility, molecular recognition and enrichment capability, and CDs-based materials attracted considerable attentions in electrochemical sensing. This review shows the unique advantages and detecting mechanism of electrochemical sensors based on CDs functionalized materials, and recent advances for CDs-based materials (including CDs/carbon nanotubes, CDs/graphene, CDs/conducting polymers and other CDs-based nanomaterials) in electrochemical sensing. Finally, we also discussed some critical challenges and prospects in this field.

Recent advances for cyclodextrin-based materials in electrochemical sensing

Facile and efficient electrochemical enantiomer recognition of phenylalanine using β-Cyclodextrin immobilized on reduced graphene oxide.

A poly(l-glutamic acid)/β-cyclodextrin (P-l-Glu/β-CD)-modified glassy carbon electrode (GCE) was prepared by electrochemical polymerization of l-glutamic acid on GCE and subsequent self-assembly of β-CD onto the obtained P-l-Glu. Electrochemical recognition of tryptophan (Trp) enantiomers with the P-l-Glu/β-CD was investigated by differential pulse voltammetry (DPV), and the results show that Trp enantiomers can be effectively recognized at the P-l-Glu/β-CD-modified GCE. It is also interesting to find that temperature plays a crucial role in the enantioselective recognition, which is evidenced by the variable-temperature UV spectra of the inclusion complexes of Trp enantiomers and β-CD. Under optimum conditions, the oxidation peak current ratio of l-Trp to d-Trp could reach 2.30, which is attributed to the stereoselectivity of β-CD to the enantiomeric pair of Trp.

Temperature-Sensitive Electrochemical Recognition of Tryptophan Enantiomers Based on β-Cyclodextrin Self-Assembled on Poly(l-Glutamic Acid)

http://jes.ecsdl.org/content/161/12/B269.full.pdf

Non-Enzymatic Glucose Sensor Based on Nickel Hexacyanoferrate/Polyaniline Hybrids on Graphene Prepared by a One-Step Process

The invention relates to a method for preparation of a peroxide polyaniline/beta-cyclodextrin composite film modified electrode and electrochemical recognition of tryptophan enantiomers. The method includes the following steps that the peroxide polyaniline/beta-cyclodextrin composite film modified electrode is prepared, and the tryptophan enantiomers are electrochemically recognized. The method has the advantages that the preparation method of the peroxide polyaniline/beta-cyclodextrin composite film modified electrode is simple and easy to implement, the preparation process is environmentally friendly, and compared with a single beta-cyclodextrin modified electrode, the recognition efficiency of the composite film modified electrode on the tryptophan enantiomers is obviously improved.

Method for preparation of peroxide polyaniline/beta-cyclodextrin composite film modified electrode and electrochemical recognition of tryptophan enantiomers

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Temperature-Sensitive Electrochemical Recognition of Tryptophan Enantiomers Based on β-Cyclodextrin Self-Assembled on Poly(l-Glutamic Acid)

Non-Enzymatic Glucose Sensor Based on Nickel Hexacyanoferrate/Polyaniline Hybrids on Graphene Prepared by a One-Step Process

Method for preparation of peroxide polyaniline/beta-cyclodextrin composite film modified electrode and electrochemical recognition of tryptophan enantiomers