Omega-3 fatty acids have gained attention due to numerous health benefits. Eicosapentaenoic (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) are long chain omega-3 fatty acids produced from precursor ALA (α-linolenic acid) in humans but their rate of biosynthesis is low, therefore, these must be present in diet or should be taken as supplements. The commercial sources of omega-3 fatty acids are limited to vegetable oils and marine sources. The rising concern about vegan source, fish aquaculture conservation and heavy metal contamination in fish has led to the search for their alternative source. Microalgae have gained importance due to the production of high-value EPA and DHA and can thus serve as a sustainable and promising source of long chain omega-3 fatty acids. Although the bottleneck lies in the optimization for enhanced production that involves strategies viz. strain selection, optimization of cultivation conditions, media, metabolic and genetic engineering approaches; while co-cultivation, use of nanoparticles and strategic blending have emerged as innovative approaches that have made microalgae as potential candidates for EPA and DHA production. This review highlights the possible strategies for the enhancement of EPA and DHA production in microalgae. This will pave the way for their large-scale production for human health benefits.

Recent advances in enhancing the production of long chain omega-3 fatty acids in microalgae.

Lutein, a bioactive xanthophyll, has recently attracted significant attention for numerous health benefits, e.g., protection of eye health, macular degeneration, and acute and chronic syndromes etc. Microalgae have emerged as the best platform for high-value lutein production with high productivity, lutein content, and scale-up potential. Algal lutein possesses numerous bioactivities, hence widely used in pharmaceuticals, nutraceuticals, aquaculture, cosmetics, etc. This review highlights advances in upstream lutein production enhancement and feasible downstream extraction and cell disruption techniques for a large-scale lutein biorefinery. Besides bioprocess-related advances, possible solutions for existing production challenges in microalgae-based lutein biorefinery, market potential, and emerging commercial scopes of lutein and its potential health applications are also discussed. The key enzymes involved in the lutein biosynthesizing Methyl-Erythritol-phosphate (MEP) pathway have been briefly described. This review provides a comprehensive updates on lutein research advancements covering scalable upstream and downstream production strategies and potential applications for researchers and industrialists. 

Microalgal lutein: Advancements in production, extraction, market potential, and applications.

The improvement of food security and nutrition has attracted wide attention, and microalgae as the most promising food source are being further explored. This paper comprehensively introduces basic and functional nutrients rich in microalgae by elaborated tables incorporating a wide variety of studies and summarizes factors influencing their accumulation effects. Subsequently, multiple comparisons of nutrients were conducted, indicating that microalgae have a high protein content. Moreover, controllable production costs and environmental friendliness prompt microalgae into the list that contains more promising and reliable future food. However, microalgae and -based foods approved and sold are limited strictly, showing that safety is a key factor affecting dietary consideration. Notably, sensory profiles and ingredient clarity play an important role in improving the acceptance of microalgae-based foods. Finally, based on the bottleneck in the microalgae food industry, suggestions for its future development were discussed. 

Microalgae as future food: Rich nutrients, safety, production costs and environmental effects.

Leftover dough, a byproduct in steamed bread processing, is rich in starch, which is a carbohydrate source for microorganisms. Carbon and nitrogen are the two most abundant nutrients in the medium of Isochrysis galbana. In this study, the leftover dough hydrolysates were used as carbon resources for the cultivation of Isochrysis galbana for docosahexaenoic acid production under different NaNO3 concentrations. The results showed that hydrolysates and NaNO3 concentration affected cell growth and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) accumulation significantly. The maximum biomass concentration of 4.18 g L−1 and maximum DHA yield of 341.3 mg L−1 were obtained with 50.0 mL L−1 hydrolysates. The DHA yield of Isochrysis galbana with 300.0 mg L−1 NaNO3 was 8.9-fold higher than that of the control. The results showed that the DHA production of Isochrysis galbana from starch-rich food processing byproducts was enhanced.

/pdf/enhancing-docosahexaenoic-acid-production-of-isochrysis-2ww5x7bq.pdf

Enhancing Docosahexaenoic Acid Production of Isochrysis galbana from Starch-Rich Food Processing Byproducts

Docosahexaenoic acid production of the marine microalga Isochrysis galbana cultivated on renewable substrates from food processing waste under CO2 enrichment.

Co-cultivation of Isochrysis galbana and Marinobacter sp. can enhance algal growth and docosahexaenoic acid production

To better understand and compare the nutritional compositions of marine microalgae, 23 strains from four phyla (Haptophyta, Chlorophyta, Ochrophyta, and Bacillariophyta) belonging to eight classes were cultivated under same conditions and their proximate (protein, carbohydrate, and lipid), amino acid, fatty acid, vitamin, and pigment compositions were investigated. Moreover, the principal component analysis (PCA) and grey relational analysis (GRA) were performed to distinguish and evaluate their nutritional values. Results showed that the protein, carbohydrate, and lipid contents in those microalgae varied from 214.80 to 644.30 mg·g−1 dry weight (DW), 22.64 to 196.23 mg·g−1 DW, and 73.33 to 367.87 mg·g−1 DW, respectively. Arginine, tyrosine, and glutamic acid were the dominants in most species. All species could be distinguished by representative fatty acids, and were rich in 20:5n-3 or 22:6n-3 except for chlorophytes. Vitamin B2 and B3 were relatively high in most species examined while vitamin A and B6 were relatively low. Specifically, the chlorophytes were characterized by abundant vitamin C, while the prymnesiophytes and Auxenochlorella pyrenoidosa were characterized by abundant vitamin E. A total of 14 kinds of pigments were identified, and chlorophyll-a was abundant in green algae while carotenoids (especially fucoxanthin) were abundant in brown/golden algae. The PCA result showed that the nutritional characteristics of prymnesiophytes, pavlovophytes, and dictyochophyte were well distinguished from the other strains. The GRA result ranked Isochrysis galbana as the highest nutritional value (0.782) while Navicula pelliculosa as the lowest value (0.605). Collectively, the present study showed that the marine microalgae derived from different phyla or even the same class had obviously different nutritional compositions, especially represented by fatty acids, vitamins, and pigments. These results would be greatly beneficial to the utilization of the nutrients of marine microalgae in aquaculture and other industries. 

A systematic analysis and evaluation of nutritional composition of 23 strains of marine microalgae commonly used in aquaculture

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Co-cultivation of Isochrysis galbana and Marinobacter sp. can enhance algal growth and docosahexaenoic acid production

A systematic analysis and evaluation of nutritional composition of 23 strains of marine microalgae commonly used in aquaculture