The plant specific VQ gene family participates in diverse physiological processes but little information is available on their role in leaf senescence. Here, we show that the VQ motif-containing proteins, Arabidopsis SIGMA FACTOR BINDING PROTEIN1 (SIB1) and SIB2 are negative regulators of ABA-mediated leaf senescence. Loss of SIB1 and SIB2 functions resulted in increased sensitivity in ABA-induced leaf senescence. In contrast, overexpression of SIB1 significantly delayed this process. Moreover, biochemical studies revealed that SIBs interact with the WRKY75 transcription factor. Loss of WRKY75 functions decreased sensitivity to ABA-induced leaf senescence, while overexpression of WRKY75 significantly accelerated this process. Chromatin immunoprecipitation assays revealed that WRKY75 directly binds to the promoters of GOLDEN 2-LIKE1 (GLK1) and GLK2, repressing expression. SIBs repress the transcriptional functions of WRKY75 and negatively regulate ABA-induced leaf senescence in a WRKY75-dependent manner. In contrast, WRKY75 positively regulates ABA-mediated leaf senescence in a GLK-dependent manner. In addition, SIBs function antagonistically to WRKY75 in ABA-mediated seed germination. These results demonstrate that SIBs can form a complex with WRKY75 to antagonistically regulate ABA-mediated leaf senescence and seed germination.

Arabidopsis SIGMA FACTOR BINDING PROTEINs function antagonistically to WRKY75 in abscisic acid-mediated leaf senescence and seed germination

The plant-specific valine-glutamine (VQ) protein family with the conserved motif FxxxVQxLTG reportedly functions with the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) in plant immunity. However, the roles of VQ proteins in MAPK-mediated resistance to disease in rice remain largely unknown. In this study, two rice VQ proteins OsVQ14 and OsVQ32 were newly identified to function as the signaling components of a MAPK cascade, OsMPKK6-OsMPK4, to regulate rice resistance to Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo). Both OsVQ14 and OsVQ32 positively regulated rice resistance to Xoo. In vitro and in vivo studies revealed that OsVQ14 and OsVQ32 physically interacted with and were phosphorylated by OsMPK4. OsMPK4 was highly phosphorylated in transgenic plants overexpressing OsMPKK6, which showed enhanced resistance to Xoo. Meanwhile, phosphorylated OsVQ14 and OsVQ32 were also markedly accumulated in OsMPKK6-overexpressing transgenic plants. We discovered that OsVQ14 and OsVQ32 functioned as substrates of the OsMPKK6-OsMPK4 cascade to enhance rice resistance to Xoo, thereby defining a more complete signal transduction pathway for induced defenses.

/pdf/two-vq-proteins-are-substrates-of-the-osmpkk6-osmpk4-cascade-4rodb5swpc.pdf

Two VQ Proteins are Substrates of the OsMPKK6-OsMPK4 Cascade in Rice Defense Against Bacterial Blight

A critical review on plant annexin: Structure, function, and mechanism.

Botrytis cinerea is one of the most widely distributed and harmful pathogens worldwide. Both the phytohormone jasmonate (JA) and the VQ motif-containing proteins play crucial roles in plant resistance to B. cinerea. However, their crosstalk in resistance to B. cinerea is unclear, especially in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum). In this study, we found that the tomato VQ15 was highly induced upon B. cinerea infection and localized in the nucleus. Silencing SlVQ15 using virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) reduced resistance to B. cinerea. Overexpression of SlVQ15 enhanced resistance to B. cinerea, while disruption of SlVQ15 using CRISPR/Cas9 technology increased susceptibility to B. cinerea. Furthermore, SlVQ15 formed homodimers. Additionally, SlVQ15 interacted with JA-ZIM domain proteins (JAZs), repressors of the JA signaling pathway, and SlWRKY31. SlJAZ11 interfered with the interaction between SlVQ15 and SlWRKY31 and repressed the SlVQ15-increased transcriptional activation activity of SlWRKY31. SlVQ15 and SlWRKY31 synergistically regulated tomato resistance to B. cinerea, as silencing SlVQ15 enhanced the sensitivity of slwrky31 to B. cinerea. Taken together, our findings showed that the SlJAZ-interacting protein SlVQ15 physically interacts with SlWRKY31 to cooperatively control JA-mediated plant defense against B. cinerea.

SlVQ15 Interacts with Jasmonate-ZIM Domain Proteins and SlWRKY31 to Regulate Defense Response in Tomato.

Salt stress is a major abiotic stress that severely hinders crop production. However, the regulatory network controlling tomato resistance to salt remains unclear. Here, we found that the tomato WRKY transcription factor WRKY57 acted as a negative regulator in the salt stress response by directly attenuating the transcription of salt-responsive genes (SlRD29B and SlDREB2) and an ion homeostasis gene (SlSOS1). We further identified two VQ-motif containing proteins SlVQ16 and SlVQ21 as SlWRKY57-interacting proteins. SlVQ16 positively, while SlVQ21 negatively modulated tomato resistance to salt stress. SlVQ16 and SlVQ21 competitively interacted with SlWRKY57 and antagonistically regulated the transcriptional repression activity of SlWRKY57. Additionally, the SlWRKY57-SlVQ21/SlVQ16 module was involved in the pathway of phytohormone jasmonates (JAs) by interacting with JA repressors JA-ZIM domain (JAZ) proteins. These results provide new insights into how the SlWRKY57-SlVQ21/SlVQ16 module finely tunes tomato salt tolerance. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

The SlWRKY57-SlVQ21/SlVQ16 module regulates salt stress in tomato.

The role of plant-specific VQ motif-containing proteins: An ever-thickening plot.

Annexin (Ann) is a polygenic, evolutionarily conserved, calcium-dependent and phospholipid-binding protein family, which plays key roles in plant growth, development, and stress response. However, a comprehensive understanding of CaAnn genes of pepper (Capsicum annuum) at the genome-wide level is limited. Based on the available pepper genomic information, we identified 15 members of the CaAnn gene family. Phylogenetic analysis showed that CaAnn proteins could be categorized into four different orthologous groups. Real time quantitative RT-PCR analysis showed that the CaAnn genes were tissue-specific and were widely expressed in pepper leaves after treatments with cold, salt, and drought, as well as exogenously applied MeJA and ABA. In addition, the function of CaAnn9 was further explored using the virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) technique. CaAnn9-silenced pepper seedlings were more sensitive to salt stress, reflected by the degradation of chlorophyll, the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and the decrease of antioxidant defense capacity. This study provides important information for further study of the role of pepper CaAnn genes and their coding proteins in growth, development, and environmental responses.

Genome-Wide Identification and Transcriptional Expression Analysis of Annexin Genes in Capsicum annuum and Characterization of CaAnn9 in Salt Tolerance.

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The role of plant-specific VQ motif-containing proteins: An ever-thickening plot.

Genome-Wide Identification and Transcriptional Expression Analysis of Annexin Genes in Capsicum annuum and Characterization of CaAnn9 in Salt Tolerance.