Wide-scale adoption and projected growth of electric vehicles (EVs) necessitate research and development of power electronic converters to achieve high power, low-cost, and reliable charging solutions for the EV battery. This paper presents a comprehensive review of EV off-board chargers that consist of ac-dc and dc-dc power stages from the power network to the EV battery. Although EV chargers are categorized into two types, namely, on-board and off-board chargers, it is essential to utilize off-board chargers for dc fast and ultra-fast charging so that volume and weight of EV can be reduced significantly. Here, we discuss the state-of-the-art topologies and control methods of both ac-dc and dc-dc power stages for off-board chargers, focusing on technical details, ongoing progress, and challenges. In addition, most of the recent multiport EV chargers integrating PV, energy storage, EV, and grid are presented. Moreover, comparative analysis has been carried out for the topologies and the control schemes of ac-dc rectifiers, dc-dc converters, and multiport converters in terms of architecture, power and voltage levels, efficiency, bidirectionality, control variables, advantages, and disadvantages which can be used as a guideline for future research directions in EV charging solutions.

https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/09755960.pdf

A Comprehensive Review of Power Converter Topologies and Control Methods for Electric Vehicle Fast Charging Applications

Electric Vehicles (EVs) are projected to be one of the major contributors to energy transition in global transportation due to their rapid expansion. High-level EVs integration into the electricity grid will introduce many challenges for the power grid planning, operation, stability, standards, and safety. Therefore, the wide-scale adoption of EVs imposes research and development of charging systems and EV supply equipment (EVSE) to achieve expected charging solutions for EV batteries as well as to improve ancillary services. Analysis of the status of EV charging technologies is important to accelerate EV adoption with advanced control strategies to discover a remedial solution for negative impacts and to enhance desired charging efficiency and grid support. This paper presents a comprehensive review of EV charging technologies, international standards, the architecture of EV charging stations, and the power converter configurations of EV charging systems. The charging systems require a dedicated converter topology, a control strategy, compatibility with standards, and grid codes for charging and discharging to ensure optimum operation and enhance grid support. An overview of different charging systems in terms of onboard and off-board chargers, AC-DC and DC-DC converter configuration, and AC and DC-based charging station architectures are evaluated. In addition, recent charging systems which are integrated with renewable energy sources are presented to identify the power train of modern charging stations. Finally, future trends and challenges in EV charging and grid integration issues are summarized as the future direction of the research.

Review of Electric Vehicle Charging Technologies, Standards, Architectures, and Converter Configurations

Three-level neutral-point-clamped (3L-NPC) voltage source inverters are widely used in many low- and medium-power applications. However, the 3L-NPC inverter has an inheritance issue of the neutral-point (NP) voltage unbalancing due to the deviation of dc-link capacitor voltages causing distortions for the output waveform quality. Generally, discontinuous pulsewidth modulation (DPWM) is used to diminish the stress on power transistors and prolong their lifespan, however; it is not capable of solving the issue of NP voltage unbalancing. Therefore, this article proposes a simple voltage balancing control based on DPWM with a hysteresis NP voltage band. The balancing control method is only activated once the capacitance voltage error exceeds the hysteresis band by generating a momentary offset on the opposite direction of the DPWM offset. In this way, both top and bottom capacitance voltages will converge within a predefined error band. Various hysteresis error bands are investigated by analyzing the power losses, total harmonic distortions, and common mode voltage. The advantages of this proposed method are its simplicity and ease of control while maintaining the features of DPWM. The effectiveness of the proposed method is validated using simulation and experimental results.

Simple Capacitor Voltage Balancing for Three-Level NPC Inverter Using Discontinuous PWM Method With Hysteresis Neutral-Point Error Band

Neutral-point (NP) voltage imbalance is an inherent issue of three-level converters The alternating input current distortion is generated by using the conventional discontinuous pulsewidth modulation (DPWM) scheme without NP voltage balance control In this article, the deviation vector between the synthesis vector and the reference vector, which is the fundamental cause of alternating input current distortion under NP voltage unbalance conditions, is revealed Then, by optimizing the subsector division and the switching state sequence, a dynamic-space-vector DPWM (DSV-DPWM) is proposed to eliminate the deviation vector Further, the comparisons of the proposed DSV-DPWM, the conventional DPWM, and an existing triangle carrier-based DPWM (TCB-DPWM), are addressed Finally, a 10-kW prototype was built to verify the effectiveness of the proposed DSV-DPWM scheme Experimental results show that, compared with the conventional DPWM scheme and the TCB-DPWM scheme, both the current THD performance and efficiencies can be significantly improved by the proposed DSV-DPWM scheme under unbalanced NP voltage conditions

Dynamic-Space-Vector Discontinuous PWM for Three-Phase Vienna Rectifiers With Unbalanced Neutral-Point Voltage

The inherent neutral-point (NP) voltage fluctuation of the Vienna rectifier could have side effects on the input current quality. However, such effects have not been thoroughly analyzed in the literature yet. In this article, based on the three-level to two-level space vector modulation transformation, a novel method to evaluate the influence of the NP voltage fluctuation on the input current quality is introduced, which could optimize the NP control parameters. The proposed method superimposes the NP voltage fluctuation on the basis vectors, thereby establishing the correlation between the NP voltage fluctuation and the square root mean square of the input current ripple. The detailed model of the NP oscillation under two-level coordinates is presented. By combining the two-level modulation, NP voltage hysteresis control is adopted to simplify NP voltage control and suppress the NP low-frequency oscillation. The comprehensive influence of the NP compensation coefficient on the input current quality under NP hysteresis control is obtained, and the hysteresis control parameters are optimized by using the proposed evaluation method. The simulation and experimental results verify the correctness and effectiveness of the proposed evaluation method.

A Novel Method to Evaluate the Influence of Vienna Rectifier Neutral-Point Voltage Fluctuation on Input Current Quality

As Boost-type topology, three-phase Vienna rectifier has the inherent problem of increasing output voltage at partial load. In this paper, a duty-ratio feedforward strategy based on dual-loop control is proposed to solve this problem. The comparison between a three-phase three-wire system and a three-phase four-wire system reveals that the main feature of the former is the zero-sequence component, which will not affect THD. It provides a theoretical basis for calculating three-phase feedforward respectively and carry it out in abc-domain. The feasibility of duty-ratio feedforward in other coordinate systems has also been demonstrated. Finally, the simulation and experimental results are given, which are compared with the commonly used grid-voltage feedforward in the dq-domain, to verify that the proposed feedforward strategy can not only operate stably at partial load, but also optimize THD to a certain extent.

Dual-loop Control for Three-phase Vienna Rectifier with Duty-ratio Feedforward

A multi-resolution control algorithm is adopted to minimize the negative effect caused by digital control delay to lower the total harmonic distortion (THD) of high frequency PWM rectifiers for aviation applications. The influence of digital control delay is analyzed first. The algorithm makes the best use of the limited digital signal processor (DSP) resources to increase the control frequency of the tasks that mainly affect the rectifier’s performance by executing the left tasks at a relatively low frequency. A 5kW prototype with full SiC devices is built to verify the effectiveness and advantages of the proposed algorithm and good experimental results have been obtained.

A THD Optimization Control for High frequency Full-SiC PWM Rectifier based on Multi-resolution Algorithm

The invention discloses a control circuit of a three-phase Vienna rectifier and a discontinuous pulse width modulation method thereof. The control circuit includes a grid voltage sampling circuit, aninductor current sampling circuit, a bus voltage sampling circuit, a switching transistor driving circuit and a DSP control unit. The DSP control unit includes a first abc/dq converter, a second abc/dq converter, a phase locker, dq/[alpha][beta] converter, a DPWM controller, a hysteresis controller, a bus voltage PI regulator, an active current PI regulator and a reactive current PI regulator. Thediscontinuous pulse width modulation method finds out a redundant clamping mode in a vector space that has an opposite effect on a neutral point potential, and adjusts, in combination with the offsetdirection of the neutral point potential, the neutral point potential balance by switching the clamping mode. The control circuit can effectively adjust the neutral point potential balance, and has low switching loss and high converter efficiency.

Control circuit of three-phase Vienna rectifier and discontinuous pulse width modulation method thereof

Compared with continuous pulsewidth modulation (PWM), discontinuous PWM (DPWM) is a preferred solution in high-frequency Vienna-type rectifiers due to its inherent characteristics of less commutation number and higher efficiency. In this article, redundant clamping modes at the same subsector with opposite effects on the neutral point (NP) voltage are presented. Then, a modified DPWM (MDPWM) scheme is proposed to regulate the NP voltage by using redundant clamping modes. Thus, the NP voltage can be controlled in each switching period to lower the NP voltage fluctuation. The implementation of the proposed MDPWM is given with variable power factors analysis. Further, the switching loss comparison of conventional space vector PWM (SVPWM), hybrid DPWM (HDPWM), and proposed MDPWM is presented as well. A simulation model was built to verify the proposed NP voltage balance with different modulation indices and variable power factors. Finally, a 10-kW prototype is built to evaluate the proposed MDPWM scheme at conversion efficiency and current total harmonic distortion (THD). Experimental results and analysis show that comparing conventional SVPWM and HDPWM, the efficiency of MDPWM is the highest. The THD of DPWM is slightly higher than that of SVPWM, and it is only 2.5% at rated output power.

A Modified DPWM With Neutral Point Voltage Balance Capability for Three-Phase Vienna Rectifiers

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Dual-loop Control for Three-phase Vienna Rectifier with Duty-ratio Feedforward

A THD Optimization Control for High frequency Full-SiC PWM Rectifier based on Multi-resolution Algorithm

Control circuit of three-phase Vienna rectifier and discontinuous pulse width modulation method thereof

A Modified DPWM With Neutral Point Voltage Balance Capability for Three-Phase Vienna Rectifiers