Artificial Intelligence (AI) has advanced material research that were previously intractable, for example, the machine learning (ML) has been able to predict some unprecedented thermal properties. In this review, we first elucidate the methodologies underpinning discriminative and generative models, as well as the paradigm of optimization approaches. Then, we present a series of case studies showcasing the application of machine learning in thermal metamaterial design. Finally, we give a brief discussion on the challenges and opportunities in this fast developing field. In particular, this review provides: (1) Optimization of thermal metamaterials using optimization algorithms to achieve specific target properties. (2) Integration of discriminative models with optimization algorithms to enhance computational efficiency. (3) Generative models for the structural design and optimization of thermal metamaterials.

Machine Learning Aided Design and Optimization of Thermal Metamaterials.

Ferroptosis is a form of regulated cell death characterized by iron overload, overwhelming lipid peroxidation, and disruption of antioxidant systems. Emerging evidence suggests that ferroptosis is associated with pregnancy related diseases, such as spontaneous abortion, pre-eclampsia, gestational diabetes mellitus, intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy, and spontaneous preterm birth. According to these findings, inhibiting ferroptosis might be a potential option to treat pregnancy related diseases. This review summarizes the mechanisms and advances of ferroptosis, the pathogenic role of ferroptosis in pregnancy related diseases and the potential medicines for its treatment.

/pdf/role-of-ferroptosis-in-pregnancy-related-diseases-and-its-4fwnqt7o.pdf

Role of ferroptosis in pregnancy related diseases and its therapeutic potential

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune disease of unknown etiology. Due to the rise in the incidence rate of RA and the limitations of existing therapies, the search for new treatment strategies for RA has become a global focus. Ferroptosis is a novel programmed cell death characterized by iron-dependent lipid peroxidation, with distinct differences from apoptosis, autophagy, and necrosis. Under the conditions of iron accumulation and the glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4) activity loss, the lethal accumulation of lipid peroxide is the direct cause of ferroptosis. Ferroptosis mediates inflammation, oxidative stress, and lipid oxidative damage processes, and also participates in the occurrence and pathological progression of inflammatory joint diseases including RA. This review provides insight into the role and mechanism of ferroptosis in RA and discusses the potential and challenges of ferroptosis as a new therapeutic strategy for RA, with an effort to provide new targets for RA prevention and treatment.

Ferroptosis as an emerging target in rheumatoid arthritis

Static and dynamic metamaterials have been extensively studied for their ability to manipulate different physical fields and directed to broad applications. Because the governing equations of heat transfer consist of nonlinear terms with conservation of mass, momentum and energy, the equations can exhibit elliptical, parabolic, hyperbolic and hybrid configurations under different transfer modes. Such multi-mode transfer characteristics intrinsically make thermal metamaterials distinguish themselves from other metamaterials with unique static and dynamic manipulation mechanisms. Therefore, numerous studies have emerged that use the transformation theory and other methods to control static thermal metamaterials. It leads to the development of thermal cloaks, thermal concentrators, thermal diodes, and so on. Originating from the static style, the manipulation of heat transfer has expanded to dynamic systems in recent years. The introduction of hydrodynamics in metamaterial design leads to numerous novel physics effects, such as dynamic cloaking, zero-drag characteristics, topological heat transfer, nonreciprocal diffusion, and non-Hermitian physics. Moreover, the dynamic thermal metamaterials allow accurate control at both time and space dimensions, leading to exciting applications such as adjustable, reconfigurable, and intelligent thermal meta-devices. However, few studies have systematically analyzed thermal metamaterials from the perspective of static and dynamic manipulation. In this review, we aim at clarifying the connection and distinction of static and dynamic manipulation from the scopes of principle, application, and physical effects. We start with the development of static thermal metamaterials and its application. Subsequently, the development of dynamic thermal metamaterials is presented both in fundamental theory and application. Finally, we summarize the research directions and prospect future research challenges for static and dynamic thermal metamaterials. 

Thermal metamaterials: From static to dynamic heat manipulation

There is limited evidence for the correlation between short‐term mortality and red cell distribution width (RDW) in critical patients with heart failure. Herein, a retrospective cohort study was conducted to investigate whether RDW was independently associated with short‐term mortality in critically ill patients with heart failure.

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1002/ehf2.14023

Red cell distribution width is associated with short‐term mortality in critically ill patients with heart failure

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic, systemic disease of unknown etiology. The primary manifestation of RA is inflammatory synovitis, which eventually leads to deformity and functional loss. Ferroptosis is a non-apoptosis form of cell death that depends on intracellular iron accumulation. This leads to an increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS) induced-lipid peroxidation. The underlying mechanisms of ferroptosis are System Xc- and Glutathione metabolism, regulation of glutathione peroxidase 4 activity, and ROS generation. Recent studies have shown an association between the pathogenesis of RA and ferroptosis, suggesting the involvement of ferroptosis in the onset and progression of RA. In this review, we have focused on the mechanism of ferroptosis and its association with RA pathogenesis. Further, we discuss the status of therapeutics targeting ferroptosis in the treatment of patients with RA. Targeting ferroptosis could be a potential therapeutic approach for RA treatment.

Advancement in understanding the role of ferroptosis in rheumatoid arthritis

Ethanol is an important material in for chemical, pharmaceutical or food industry. But ethanol gas in the air induces health danger and explosion risk. Therefore, the concentration of ethanol gas must be monitored. In this paper, an optical fiber device for ethanol gas detection is demonstrated. Glycerol aqueous solution is taken as the ethanol absorbent, a Teflon capillary is used as the gas permeable cell and a surface plasmon resonance (SPR) fiber sensor is employed as the receiver. When ethanol gas permeates into the capillary and be absorbed by the absorbent, the refractive index of the absorbent is modulated and then detected by the SPR sensor. With this principle, sensing devices were fabricated and tested. Within the range of 0–7534 ppm, the limit of detection (LOD) is obtained as 38.31 ppm. In cycle test, the excellent reusability, repeatability and durability are testified. In addition, with the large detectable range and low cost, the proposed device may realize wide applications in industrial process. 

A reusable optical fiber sensor for ethanol gas detection with a large concentration range


 The passive radiative cooling technology shows a great potential application on reducing the enormous global energy consumption. The multilayer metamaterials could enhance the radiative cooling performance. However, it is a challenge to design the radiative cooler. In this work, based on the particle swarm optimization (PSO) evolutionary algorithm, we develop an intelligent workflow in designing photonic radiative cooling metamaterials. Specifically, we design two 10-layer SiO2 radiative coolers doped by cylindrical MgF2 or Air impurities, possessing high emissivity within the selective (8-13 µm) and broadband (8-25 µm) atmospheric transparency window, respectively. Our two kinds of coolers demonstrate power density as high as 119 W/m2 and 132 W/m2 at the room temperature (300 K). Our scheme does not rely on the usage of special materials, forming high-performing metamaterials with conventional poor-performing components. This significant improvement of the emission spectra proves the effectiveness of our inverse design algorithm in boosting the discovery of high-performing functional metamaterials.

AI Designed Radiative Cooling Metamaterials for Passive Thermal Management by Particle Swarm Optimization

BACKGROUND It is controversial whether transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS) placement can improve long-term survival. AIM To assess whether TIPS placement improves survival in patients with hepatic-venous-pressure-gradient (HVPG) ≥ 16 mmHg, based on HVPG-related risk stratification. METHODS Consecutive variceal bleeding patients treated with endoscopic therapy + nonselective β-blockers (NSBBs) or covered TIPS placement were retrospectively enrolled between January 2013 and December 2019. HVPG measurements were performed before therapy. The primary outcome was transplant-free survival; secondary endpoints were rebleeding and overt hepatic encephalopathy (OHE). RESULTS A total of 184 patients were analyzed (mean age, 55.27 years ± 13.86, 107 males; 102 in the EVL+NSBB group, 82 in the covered TIPS group). Based on the HVPG-guided risk stratification, 70 patients had HVPG < 16 mmHg, and 114 patients had HVPG ≥ 16 mmHg. The median follow-up time of the cohort was 49.5 mo. There was no significant difference in transplant-free survival between the two treatment groups overall (hazard ratio [HR], 0.61; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.35-1.05; P = 0.07). In the high-HVPG tier, transplant-free survival was higher in the TIPS group (HR, 0.44; 95%CI: 0.23-0.85; P = 0.004). In the low-HVPG tier, transplant-free survival after the two treatments was similar (HR, 0.86; 95%CI: 0.33-0.23; P = 0.74). Covered TIPS placement decreased the rate of rebleeding independent of the HVPG tier (P < 0.001). The difference in OHE between the two groups was not statistically significant (P = 0.09; P = 0.48). CONCLUSION TIPS placement can effectively improve transplant-free survival when the HVPG is greater than 16 mmHg.

Pre-transjugular-intrahepatic-portosystemic-shunt measurement of hepatic venous pressure gradient and its clinical application: A comparison study

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