Studies suggest that at least four stages of regional-scale tectonic and magmatic events have taken place in the South China block,namely,geodynamic processes of Neoproterozoic and Late Mesozoic active continental margins,Early Paleozoic and Early Mesozoic intracontinental orogenies.The Cathaysia block was a pre-Nanhua basement consisting mainly of Neoproterozoic rocks instead of a stable old land.It experienced a complex evolution from assembly through break-up to re-assembly.The intracontinental shortening during Silurian led to the stabilization of the united South China continent.The entire South China Block was under a shore-shallow sea-slope setting,with no translithospheric fault,no regional-scale volcanism and mantle-derived magmatism in the period from Sinian to Jurassic,during which polyphase tectonic and magmatic events occurred in the united South China lithosphere.It evolved into a part of the Late Mesozoic Western Pacific active continental margin after the Early-Middle Jurassic transformation from Tethysian to Pacific tectonic regimes.The South China lithosphere experienced polyphase continental growth due to the dominant lateral accretion of block assembly accompanied by vertical growth of magma up-swarming.During the Cretaceous,the South China basin and range tectonics occurred in the western shore of the Pacific Ocean due to strong intracontinental extension caused by the northwestward subduction of the Pacific Ocean.Long-term intraplate tectonism and polystage granitic magmatism provided South China with a favorable condition of metallization,forming various large-size ore deposits and resources.Neoproterozoic Nanhua Period and Early Cretaceous were two dominant stages of metallization,with various types of ore deposits being chiefly formed in the Early Cretaceous period.

An analysis of principal features of tectonic evolution in South China Block

Dating the giant Zhuxi W–Cu deposit (Taqian–Fuchun Ore Belt) in South China using molybdenite Re–Os and muscovite Ar–Ar system

The Xiangdong W(-Sn) deposit is hosted in the Dengfuxian multiphase granites (biotite, two-mica, and muscovite granites) within the Nanling Range metallogenic belt in south China. Previous studies suggested that the W(-Sn) mineralization in the Xiangdong deposit is related to the Late Jurassic two-mica granite, whereas recently W-Sn-bearing quartz veins have also been identified in muscovite granite. We present new cassiterite and zircon U-Pb ages to constrain the timing of W-Sn mineralization and related granitic magmatism. Our laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry U-Pb dating of zircon grains, combined with previous zircon ages, in addition to the trace element composition of the muscovite granite, suggest the muscovite granite in the Dengfuxian pluton was emplaced at b 145 to 142 Ma and shows highly evolved features. Cassiterite grains from the ore-bearing veins in two-mica granite yielded U-Pb ages of 151.6 +/- 3.7 and 141 to 138 Ma, whereas cassiterite grains from quartz veins occurring in muscovite granite yielded a U-Pb age of 136.8 +/- 3.3 Ma. The new ages and detailed geologic evidence indicate that the Early Cretaceous muscovite granite is also genetically related to W-Sn mineralization. Combining this with previously published data from the Late Jurassic two-mica granites and related mineralization, we suggest that there were two stages of W-Sn mineralization at Xiangdong. Arsenopyrite geothermometry from the two stages suggests temperatures of 300 degrees to 491 degrees and 308 degrees to 450 degrees C in stage I and stage II, respectively. Wolframite grains from the two stages also show different characteristics and patterns for their major and trace elements. The enrichment in Sc in wolframite suggests low-pH and low-Eh conditions for a fluid containing F- and/or PO43- complexes during stage I, whereas higher contents of Nb and Ta and lower contents of Sc in wolframite from stage II indicate relatively lower pH and higher Eh conditions. In combination with data from other recent studies, we propose that the 145 to 130 Ma interval represents a newly recognized W-Sn metallogenic period linked with highly evolved granites in the Nanling Range metallogenic belt. The Early Cretaceous muscovite granite is an important new target for W and Sn resources in south China.

Discrete Jurassic and Cretaceous Mineralization Events at the Xiangdong W(-Sn) Deposit, Nanling Range, South China

The Zhuxi W (Cu) skarn deposit is the largest W deposit in the Jiangnan porphyry–skarn tungsten belt in South China, and is also among the largest deposit of this type in the world. Titanite is a common mineral in the Zhuxi deposit, and occurs in three textural settings: titanite I associated with retrograde-altered exoskarn with weak mineralization; titanite II in retrograde-altered endoskarn with disseminated Cu ore; and titanite III from altered granite with disseminated W ore. Here, we present LA-ICP-MS U–Pb data on the three types of titanite which show 207Pb-corrected weighted mean 206Pb/238U ages of 148.1 ± 7.4 Ma (n = 25, MSWD = 0.22), 148.9 ± 1.5 Ma (n = 28, MSWD = 0.37), and 149.9 ± 1.3 Ma (n = 31, MSWD = 0.28), respectively. These ages are consistent with the previously reported ages of the ore-related granite. The coeval nature of the W and Cu ores suggests that the W and Cu ores formed synchronously, and are associated with the granitoids. The Ce and Eu anomalies in the three types of titanite record redox fluctuation during the mineralization process, and suggest variable contamination of the magmatic-hydrothermal system by reduced carbonate wall-rock that contains abundant carbonaceous matter. Our study demonstrates that hydrothermal titanite commonly occurring in reduced-type W skarn deposits has potential for isotopic dating and in constraining the redox conditions for the mineralization process.

In situ LA-ICP-MS U-Pb geochronology and trace element analysis of hydrothermal titanite from the giant Zhuxi W (Cu) skarn deposit, South China

Geochronology and petrogenesis of the Early Cretaceous A-type granite from the Feie'shan W-Sn deposit in the eastern Guangdong Province, SE China: Implications for W-Sn mineralization and geodynamic setting

Geochronology and geochemistry of the granites from the Zhuxi W-Cu ore deposit in South China: Implication for petrogenesis, geodynamical setting and mineralization

Fluid inclusion and stable isotope constraints on the genesis of the world-class Zhuxi W(Cu) skarn deposit in South China

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Dating the giant Zhuxi W–Cu deposit (Taqian–Fuchun Ore Belt) in South China using molybdenite Re–Os and muscovite Ar–Ar system

Geochronology and geochemistry of the granites from the Zhuxi W-Cu ore deposit in South China: Implication for petrogenesis, geodynamical setting and mineralization

Fluid inclusion and stable isotope constraints on the genesis of the world-class Zhuxi W(Cu) skarn deposit in South China