Viruses have threatened human lives for decades, causing both chronic and acute infections accompanied by mild to severe symptoms. During the long journey of confrontation, humans have developed intricate immune systems to combat viral infections. In parallel, vaccines are invented and administrated to induce strong protective immunity while generating few adverse effects. With advancements in biochemistry and biophysics, different kinds of vaccines in versatile forms have been utilized to prevent virus infections, although the safety and effectiveness of these vaccines are diverse from each other. In this review, we first listed and described major pathogenic viruses and their pandemics that emerged in the past two centuries. Furthermore, we summarized the distinctive characteristics of different antiviral vaccines and adjuvants. Subsequently, in the main body, we reviewed recent advances of nanoparticles in the development of next-generation vaccines against influenza viruses, coronaviruses, HIV, hepatitis viruses, and many others. Specifically, we described applications of self-assembling protein polymers, virus-like particles, nano-carriers, and nano-adjuvants in antiviral vaccines. We also discussed the therapeutic potential of nanoparticles in developing safe and effective mucosal vaccines. Nanoparticle techniques could be promising platforms for developing broad-spectrum, preventive, or therapeutic antiviral vaccines.

Nanoparticles and Antiviral Vaccines.

The invention discloses a digital closed loop optical fiber gyroscope with a double-interferometer system The digital closed loop optical fiber gyroscope comprises a light source driver, a light source, a third beam splitter, a first angular speed sensing module, a second angular speed sensing module, an optical fiber ring and a logic circuit, wherein light emitted by the light source is divided into two beams of incident light after passing through the third beam splitter, and the two beams of incident light respectively enter the first angular speed sensing module and the second angular speed sensing module; the two modules uses the same optical fiber ring, so that two different interferometers are formed in the polarization maintaining optical fiber ring and respectively output signals; the logic circuit receives the signals and performs differential calculation to obtain speed information sensed by the interferometers The digital closed loop optical fiber gyroscope disclosed by the invention controls a polarization state through a polarization beam splitting/combing device through the same polarization maintaining optical fiber ring, so that the two interferometers in different polarization states are formed in the optical fiber ring; the two polarization states are separated, so that the light-based double-polarization double-interferometer system is implemented, and the precision of the digital closed loop optical fiber gyroscope can be obviously improved, and the intensity noise of the light source is suppressed

Digital closed loop optical fiber gyroscope with double-interferometer system

Infectious diseases, particularly life-threatening pathogens such as small pox and influenza, have substantial implications on public health and global economies. Vaccination is a key approach to combat existing and emerging pathogens. Immunological memory is an essential characteristic used to evaluate vaccine efficacy and durability and the basis for the long-term effects of vaccines in protecting against future infections; however, optimizing the potency, improving the quality, and enhancing the durability of immune responses remains challenging and a focus for research involving investigation of nanovaccine technologies. In this review, we describe how nanovaccines can address the challenges for conventional vaccines in stimulating adaptive immune memory responses to protect against reinfection. We discuss protein and nonprotein nanoparticles as useful antigen platforms, including those with highly ordered and repetitive antigen array presentation to enhance immunogenicity through cross-linking with multiple B cell receptors, and with a focus on antigen properties. In addition, we describe how nanoadjuvants can improve immune responses by providing enhanced access to lymph nodes, lymphnode targeting, germinal center retention, and long-lasting immune response generation. Nanotechnology has the advantage to facilitate vaccine induction of long-lasting immunity against infectious diseases, now and in the future.

Nanovaccines for Advancing Long-Lasting Immunity against Infectious Diseases.

Recent advances in tea seeds (Camellia Sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze): Active ingredients, health effects, and potential applications

The invention discloses a light source intensity noise suppression digital double closed-loop method based on an intensity modulator, belonging to the technical field of fiber optic gyroscopes. The method comprises the following steps: suppressing intensity noise and stabilizing operating points of the intensity modulator by adopting the digital double closed loops; preprocessing, digitalizing, filtering and performing phase compensation on a light intensity signal output by a photoelectric detector during intensity noise suppression, simulating and feeding back the signal to the intensity modulator; in the process of stabilizing an offset operating point of the intensity modulator, acquiring bias voltage of the intensity modulator at the maximum optical output power point and the minimum optical output power point by scanning the bias voltage, acquiring the bias voltage of the operating point by using an average power method, acquiring the output voltage of the photoelectric detector in real time, thereby acquiring the bias voltage difference which is fed back to the intensity modulator. According to the method disclosed by the invention, the problems of low closed-loop precision and poor noise suppression effect are solved, and a signal to noise ratio of a light source of the fiber-optic gyroscope is improved, so that the offset operating point of the intensity modulator does not drift any more, and the operation is stable.

Light source intensity noise suppression digital double closed-loop method based on intensity modulator

An RBD virus-like particle vaccine for SARS-CoV-2 induces cross-variant antibody responses in mice and macaques

Excessive alcohol consumption harms the human body, particularly the digestive system, by causing damage to the gastric mucosa. Tea saponin is a natural active substance extracted from tea tree seeds that has gastroprotective potential against alcohol-induced mucosal damage. However, the protective mechanism of tea saponins is not fully understood. The current study aimed to explore the protective mechanism of tea saponins against alcohol-induced gastric mucosal injury in mice. Histopathological changes, immunohistochemistry, immunoblotting, and gastric mucosa-related cytokine levels were analyzed in three groups of male mice: model, control, and tea saponin-treated. Compared to the model group, the tea saponin group prominently ameliorated alcohol-induced gastric mucosal injury by improving cell necrosis, inflammatory cell infiltration, and edema. Downregulation of inflammation-related factors cluster of differentiation 68 (CD68), myeloperoxidase (MPO), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) was also found in the tea saponin group. These results suggest that tea saponins have a protective effect against alcohol-induced gastric mucosal damage in mice. Therefore, tea saponin may serve as a food additive for gastric mucosal protection.

https://pubs.acs.org/doi/pdf/10.1021/acsomega.2c05880

Protective Effect of Tea Saponins on Alcohol-Induced Gastric Mucosal Injury in Mice

A parameter optimization model of amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) source in space radiation environment has been developed based on the ASE source model and the radiation-induced attenuation (RIA) model of erbium-doped fiber (EDF). The RIA model considers color center generation and annealing process at the same time. Using the radiation attenuation and recovery spectra obtained at the dose rate of 30 Gy/min, the color center generation and recovery parameters in the EDF are obtained. Based on the ASE source model, the parameter optimization model at the high dose rate of 30 Gy/min is established. Then, the model is successfully extrapolated to a small dose rate of 0.06 Gy/min. These effects of the spectral shape, pump power, and fiber length on the output power stability of the ASE source are investigated using this model at the dose of 0.06 Gy/min. Finally, the experiment is performed to evaluate the simulation, and it is suggested that the output power fluctuation of the optimized ASE source is less than 3% within the radiation dose range of 300 Gy.

Parameters Optimization of ASE Source for the Improvement of Optical Power Stability in Space Radiation Environment

The invention discloses a differential dual-interference type closed loop fiber optic gyroscope based on birefringence modulation of a wide frequency light source. The differential dual-interference type closed loop fiber optic gyroscope comprises the light source, a first coupler, a second coupler, a first polarization beam splitter, a first modulator, a second modulator, a second polarization beam splitter, a fiber optic loop, a third polarization beam splitter, a first detector and a second detector. The differential dual-interference type closed loop fiber optic gyroscope has the advantages that closed loop control of the differential dual-interference type fiber optic gyroscope is realized; as the wide frequency light source with a very weak coherence characteristic is adopted, strong noise brought by various stray wave interference caused by a strong coherence characteristic of a laser light source is avoided; a SAGNAC effect is doubled; and the differential dual-interference type closed loop fiber optic gyroscope has a mature technical foundation and can satisfy a relatively high precision requirement.

Differential dual-interference type closed loop fiber optic gyroscope based on birefringence modulation of wide frequency light source

The invention provides a reflection-type temperature sensor based on optical fiber radiation induced attenuation temperature characteristics. Light emitted from a light source is divided into two beams of light with the same intensity through a coupler, wherein one beam of light reaches a photodiode through optical fiber, and the other beam of the light enters a temperature sensitive element through the optical fiber and is reflected by a reflection device to return at the tail end of the optical fiber; the light intensity is modulated by a temperature field, and the light reaches to another photodiode through the coupler and the optical fiber; photoelectrical signals are transformed by the two photodiodes and are transmitted to a signal processing and light source drive circuit; and a temperature value is determined by the signal processing and light source drive circuit according to the received two ways of photoelectrical signals. With the adoption of the reflection-type temperature sensor based on the optical fiber radiation induced attenuation temperature characteristics, all fiber temperature measurement is realized; and the reflection-type temperature sensor has the advantages of being high in safety, relatively low in cost and higher in measuring precision and resisting electromagnetic interference; and the used temperature sensitive element has the characteristic of being simple in manufacturing process and flexible in design.

Reflection-type temperature sensor based on optical fiber radiation induced attenuation temperature characteristics

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