Arsenic removal technologies and future trends: A mini review

Separation and stabilization of arsenic in copper smelting wastewater by zinc slag

In recent years, biological purification technology has been widely developed in the process of iron and manganese removal from groundwater. The cultivation and maturation of the biological filter layer are key for biological iron and manganese removal processes. The time needed for maturation varies significantly with the water quality, filter and filter media conditions and operation parameters; sometimes it takes only one or two months, sometime more than half a year. In this paper, the feasibility of adopting an intermittent operation for the cultivation of biofilter was investigated with productive filters in a groundwater treatment plant, and the comparative test of the filter column was conducted. The results showed that the intermittent operation had little effect on the cultivation of the biofilter because dissolved oxygen would be gradually exhausted during the filter-suspension process, making the filter layer anaerobic, thus possibly inhibiting the growth and reproduction of IMOB (Iron and Manganese Oxidizing Bacteria). At the same time, the test shows that when the mature biological filter needs the suspension operation, the emptying method should be considered to avoid the destruction of the biological layer.

https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/16/5/698/pdf

Start-Up of a Biofilter in a Full-Scale Groundwater Treatment Plant for Iron and Manganese Removal.

Rapid oxidative removal of Fe2+ and Mn2+ from acidic mining wastewater by a new-type biofilter system: application and mechanism.

The start-up of CANON process was studied to reveal adaptability and how to condense time of start-up with a lab-scale experiment. During start-up stage, temperature was controlled at 35 degrees C +/- 1 degrees C, pH was 7.39-8.01 and free ammonium was 2.89-12.37 mg x L(-1). Partial nitritation was first built up in 60th day and kept steady, nitrite accumulation rate (NO2(-) -N/NO(x) (-) -N) was up to 98%. In the 160th day, the reactor started to show effects of anaerobic ammonium oxidation, and in the 210th day, CANON process was started-up under aerobic conditions successfully, and total nitrogen removal load was 1.22 kg/(m3 x d) and 70% removal rate on average was attained. When using ammonium wastewater without organic carbon sources as influent, there are two signs to indicate the CANON start-up: first, nitrogen gas was produced in carriers; the other one was the ratio of total nitrogen loss and increased nitrate keep steady, and in this study average ratio was 8.61 compared to theoretical value 8.

[Study of CANON process start-up under aerobic conditions].

Granular adsorbents for arsenic removal (GA) made from the backwashing residuals from iron and manganese removal biofilters for groundwater were characterized and examined as an arsenate sorbent. The GA were characterized by SEM-EDS microscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), and BET surface area measurement. The results showed that the GA had rough surfaces, developed pores, and were mainly amorphous, with small fractions of crystalline quartz and hematite. The surface area of the GA, which consists of many mesopores, was 43.8 m2·g-1. The kinetic studies revealed that arsenate adsorption on the GA was described by a pseudo-second-order kinetic equation, and the Freundlich isotherm equation fit the arsenate adsorption well (R2=0.994). The maximum adsorption capacity calculated by the Langmuir isotherm equation for As(Ⅴ) was 5.05 mg·g-1. Further studies showed that the GA operated well for As(Ⅴ) removal over a broad range in pH from 1.1 to 9.5. The coexistence of HCO3- and SO42- had no great influence on arsenic adsorption, while the H2PO4- and SiO32- showed negative effects. The GA can be regenerated well, and 82% of the original adsorption capacity was maintained after three regeneration cycles.

Arsenic(V) Removal by Granular Adsorbents Made from Backwashing Residuals from Biofilters for Iron and Manganese Removal

The effect of organic carbon on the start-up and operation of the CANON granular sludge process was investigated in two SBR reactors with different strategies:gradually increased organic carbon concentration (R1) and without organic carbon (R2). The results showed that adding 50 mg·L-1 organic carbon accelerated the start-up of the CANON granular sludge process. R1 and R2 were started up in 23 d and 32 d, respectively. Moreover, the appropriate organic carbon enhanced the activity of AOB, AnAOB, and denitrification, increasing the ammonia removal rates and total nitrogen (TN) removal rates. The maximum ammonia removal rates and total nitrogen removal rates of R1 were 92% and 88%, respectively. The maximum ammonia removal rates and total nitrogen removal rates of R2 were 89% and 80%, respectively. Further tests showed that excessive organic carbon concentration decreased the activity of AOB and AnAOB and reduced the removal efficiency of ammonia and total nitrogen. Adding organic carbon promoted denitrification activity and increased nitrogen removal efficiency.

[Effect of Organic Carbon Source on Start-up and Operation of the CANON Granular Sludge Process].

A pilot-scale bio-filter coupled nitrification and CANON was started up to remove iron, manganese and ammonia nitrogen from groundwater in a plant, and the main removal route of ammonia nitrogen was analyzed. The experiment showed that the bio-filter could be started up successfully and achieved stable operation after 164 days of culture development. The value of △NH4+-N/△NO3--N was 1.49, and the oxidation and removal of Fe(Ⅱ), Mn(Ⅱ), and NH4+-N were (9.87±1.17), (2.25±0.06), and (1.51±0.06) mg·L-1, respectively. The calculation based on the quantitative relationship between nitrogen conservation and dissolved oxygen (DO) measurement indicated that the contribution of CANON to NH4+-N removal was 33.48%-38.87%, and the average ratio of ammonia nitrogen removal amount to DO was 1:3.79-1:3.94. The removal ratio of ammonia nitrogen was lower with lower temperature.

[Start-up and Operation of Biofilter Coupled Nitrification and CANON for the Removal of Iron, Manganese and Ammonia Nitrogen].

The invention discloses an economical high-efficiency iron manganese ammonia biological purifying filter tank maintenance method, and belongs to the field of water purifying. The economical high-efficiency iron manganese ammonia biological purifying filter tank maintenance method is used for realizing long-term high-efficiency iron removing, manganese removing, and ammonia removing of biological purifying filter tanks. The economical high-efficiency iron manganese ammonia biological purifying filter tank maintenance method comprises following steps: filter materials in a filter tank is dug out in segments, from top to bottom, the filter material comes from 0 to one third of the height of a filtering layer is removed, 50% of the filter material comes from one third to two thirds of the height of the filtering layer and 50% of the filter material comes from two thirds to three thirds of the height of the filtering layer are maintained; the maintained materials and a new filter material of a same volume size are mixed, and an obtained mixture is introduced into the one third to the three thirds of the height of the filtering layer from top to bottom, and an anthracite filtering material is introduced into the 0 to two thirds of the height of the filtering layer from top to bottom in a manner of reverse grain; after filling backwashing with an intensity of 8 to 10L(m *s) is carried out for 5min, and an obtained material is immersed in a underground water immersion filter material to be treated for 48h; water supplying operation culturing is carried out until in filtered water obtained continuously in 5 days TFe -N<0.5mg/L at filter tank designed filtering speed, backwashing intensity, and backwashing time.

Economical high-efficiency iron manganese ammonia biological purifying filter tank maintenance method

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Papers

Arsenic(V) Removal by Granular Adsorbents Made from Backwashing Residuals from Biofilters for Iron and Manganese Removal

[Effect of Organic Carbon Source on Start-up and Operation of the CANON Granular Sludge Process].

[Start-up and Operation of Biofilter Coupled Nitrification and CANON for the Removal of Iron, Manganese and Ammonia Nitrogen].

Economical high-efficiency iron manganese ammonia biological purifying filter tank maintenance method