Traditional ceramic materials are suboptimal for use in complex environments because of their brittleness and sensitivity to flaws. As such, developing flexible and elastic ceramic materials is extremely urgent in frontier domains where high‐frequency vibration or high‐intensity bending environments are inevitable. Fibrillation of ceramic materials is an effective way for the transition of brittleness to flexibility and elasticity, due to its ability to absorb and dissipate stresses through large axial deformations. Here, a comprehensive review of the newly emerging flexible and elastic ceramic fiber materials is presented, starting from an introduction to the fundamental concept, followed by an in‐depth analysis of the relationship between their microstructures and mechanical behaviors, laying emphasis on the toughening mechanism of both individual fibers and fiber assemblies. Finally, current challenges and future development are demonstrated. It is expected that this review may provide meaningful guidance for the advancement of ceramic fiber materials toward better performance and brighter prospects.

The Rising of Flexible and Elastic Ceramic Fiber Materials: Fundamental Concept, Design Principle, and Toughening Mechanism

Luminescence and laser properties of RE-doped silica optical fibers: The role of composition, fabrication processing, and inter-ionic energy transfers

New tunable-color luminescent materials are getting a lot of attention. Double-doped activated ions are an important research method. Here, CaSrNb2O7:R3+ (R3+ = Sm3+, Bi3+, and Sm3+/Bi3+) are synthesized by solid state method in the air. Phase purity and successful synthesis of samples are confirmed by X-ray diffractometer (XRD) patterns and energy disperse spectroscopy (EDS) diagram. The luminescence properties of samples are studied. CaSrNb2O7:Sm3+ has an excitation spectrum due to the O2- - Sm3+ charge transfer band (CTB) and the 6H5/2 → 4H9/2, 4D3/2, 4D1/2, 4F7/2, and 4I11/2 transitions of Sm3+ ion. The red-orange emission of CaSrNb2O7:Sm3+ is observed because of the 4G5/2 → 6H5/2, 6H7/2, 6H9/2, and 6H11/2 transitions of Sm3+ ion. PLE spectrum of CaSrNb2O7:Bi3+ comes from the metal-to-metal charge- transfer (MMCT) Bi3+ - Nb5+ and the 1S0 → 1P1 and 3P1 transitions of Bi3+ ion. CaSrNb2O7:Bi3+ shows blue emission due to the 3P1 → 1S0 transition of Bi3+ ion. The excitation spectrum of CaSrNb2O7:Sm3+, Bi3+ contains that of CaSrNb2O7:Bi3+ and CaSrNb2O7:Sm3+. CaSrNb2O7:Sm3+, Bi3+ with excitation at 314, 363, and 406 nm glows orange and red-orange, and red emission, respectively. We observe the energy transfer from Bi3+ to Sm3+ ions and the effect of Bi3+ on luminescence properties of Sm3+ ion by their spectra. The optimal Sm3+ and Bi3+ concentrations are confirmed by the concentration dependent spectra. The energy level diagrams of Sm3+ and Bi3+ are used to analyze the luminous mechanism. The results are conducive to the development of new Sm3+ and Bi3+ co-doped luminescent materials. 

Energy transfer and tunable-color luminescence properties of a single-phase CaSrNb2O7:Sm3+, Bi3+

Er-Activated Hybridized Glass Fiber for Laser and Sensor in the Extended Wavebands

The luminescence properties of Bi3+ in 177 inorganic compounds are reviewed and rationalized based on two simple and easy-to-use models. These models are applicable to any kind of compound whose crystal structure is known. The calculation of the nephelauxetic function, he, involved in one of the models is described step-by-step for an easy implementation in a home-made calculator or machine-learning algorithm. Finally, a criterion based on the experimental value of the Stokes shift is introduced to help in fixing the origin of the Bi3+-related emission.

Luminescence-structure relationships in solids doped with Bi3.

We propose a new pretreatment method on fiber preforms by loading deuterium (D2), pre-irradiation, combined with thermal annealing. The effect of the pretreatment condition on the optical loss at 1200 nm and a laser slope efficiency of ytterbium-doped silica fibers (YDFs) before and after γ-radiation was comparatively investigated. The related mechanism was revealed by combining the optical absorption, continuous wave electron paramagnetic resonance (CW-EPR), Raman, and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopies. A laser experiment shows that the radiation resistance of YDFs can be significantly improved by the pretreatment on a fiber preform. Also, this new pretreatment method has no obvious negative impact on the laser performance of non-irradiated YDFs. Furthermore, the vacuum experiment confirms that the YDF obtained by this method, named pretreated YDF, may have a long-term radiation stability when it is used in a vacuum environment (such as space). CW-EPR spectra show that the formation of color centers was effectively inhibited in pretreated YDF, which is correlated with the decrease of color center precursor and the existence of the deuterium radical as confirmed by Raman and FTIR spectra.

Enhanced radiation resistance of ytterbium-doped silica fiber by pretreating on a fiber preform

In this study, Er3+/Al3+ co-doped silica glasses with various Al/Er ratios ranging from 0 to 200 and a constant Er2O3 amount were prepared using the sol-gel method combined with high-temperature vacuum sintering. The absorption, emission spectra, and fluorescence lifetime of Er3+ ions were recorded and the absorption and emission cross sections were calculated. Using Raman, 27Al and 29Si magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance (MAS-NMR), 27Al triple-quantum (TQ)-MAS-NMR, and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopies, the physical and optical properties were correlated with the glass structural modifications due to the Al/Er ratio change. With the increase in the Al/Er ratio, the content of Al3+ ions around the Er3+ ions gradually increased. Meanwhile, the AlO5 and AlO6 polyhedrons increased at the expense of the AlO4 and SiO4 tetrahedrons, which resulted in an improved symmetry and better ionic Er–O bonds. These structural changes led to the site-to-site variations in the Er3+ local environment and the changes in the ligand field strength of the Er–O bonds. This, in turn, resulted in the inhomogeneous broadening of the absorption and emission spectra, with a blue shift of both absorption and emission peaks and a decrease in both absorption and emission at 1.53 μm. With the increase in Al/Er ratio, the full width at half maximum (FWHM) of the emission increased from 27.2 to 54.3 nm. The FWHM × emission cross section ( σ e m i) parameter for evaluating broadband amplification behavior was 30.1 × 10−20 cm2 · nm. This work reveals the close relationship between the glass structure and the spectroscopic properties of Er3+ ions and provides an important reference for the design of broadband amplifier materials in the field of optical communication.

Influence of Al/Er ratio on the optical properties and structures of Er3+/ Al3+ co-doped silica glasses

In this work, Er/Al/Ge co-doped silica glasses with different GeO2 content (0–3 mol%), as well as Ge/Al co-doped silica glasses, are prepared by combining the sol–gel and high-temperature sintering methods. Further, the effects of the GeO2 content on the absorptions and emissions properties, and lifetimes of the glasses before and after 1KGy γ-ray irradiation are compared. The Er/Al/Ge co-doped silica fibers are prepared from a preform produced via modified chemical vapor deposition (MCVD) combined with nano sol-doping. The effects of Ge co-doping on the optical loss and amplifier gain of the Er-doped silica fibers (EDFs) before and after irradiation are also investigated. The related mechanism and species of the γ-ray radiation-induced color centers are revealed via radiation-induced-absorption (RIA) and continuous wave electron paramagnetic resonance (CW-EPR) spectroscopies. The results revealed that co-doping with GeO2 considerably improves the radiation resistance of the glass and exerts a slight effect on the spectral properties of the Er/Al/Ge co-doped silica glasses before irradiation. The RIA and CW-EPR spectra revealed that the aluminum–oxygen hole center (AlOHC) defects reduce with increasing GeO2 content because the intermediaries, the Ge-related oxygen-deficient centers (GeODC(I) and GeODC(II)), exhibit stronger abilities to trap the holes compared with the [AlO4/2]− group. This reduces the RIA level in the visible and near-infrared regions of the Er/Al/Ge co-doped silica glass. The irradiation experiment on the fiber further confirmed that the radiation resistance of EDFs can be considerably improved by Ge co-doping.

Effect of the GeO 2 content on the radiation resistance of Er 3+ -doped silica glasses and fibers

Nd3+-doped silica glass and fiber prepared by modified sol-gel method

Color-tunable emissions in Bi3+/Eu3+ activated phosphors for multi-mode optical thermometers

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