Electrochemical water splitting produces clean hydrogen fuel as one of the pivotal alternative energies to fossil fuels in the near future. However, the anodic oxygen evolution reaction (OER) is a significant bottleneck that curtails large-scale applications of electrochemical water splitting technology, owing to its sluggish reaction kinetics. In the past few decades, various methods have been proposed to improve the OER kinetics. Among them, doping is a simple and efficient method to mold the OER kinetics of a catalyst by incorporating different or hetero atoms into the host lattice. These efforts are vital to design highly efficient OER catalysts for real-world applications. However, the OER mechanism of a doped catalyst varies, depending on the host lattice and the dopant. This review highlights different doping strategies and associated OER mechanisms of state-of-the-art catalysts, including oxides (noble metal oxides, perovskite oxides, spinel oxides, hydroxides and others), non-oxides (metal sulfides, metal selenides, metal phosphides, metal nitrides and metal carbides), and carbon-based catalysts (graphene, carbon nanotubes and others). Fundamental understanding of the doping effects on the OER from combined experimental and theoretical research provides guidelines for designing efficient catalysts.

/pdf/tuning-the-intrinsic-catalytic-activities-of-oxygen-4swi3wijba.pdf

Tuning the intrinsic catalytic activities of oxygen-evolution catalysts by doping: a comprehensive review

Transition metal carbides and nitrides are interesting non-precious materials that have been shown to replace or reduce the loading of precious metals for catalyzing several important electrochemical reactions. The purpose of this review is to summarize density functional theory (DFT) studies, describe reaction pathways, identify activity and selectivity descriptors, and present a future outlook in designing carbide and nitride catalysts for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), oxygen evolution reaction (OER), oxygen reduction reaction (ORR), nitrogen reduction reaction (N2RR), CO2 reduction reaction (CO2RR) and alcohol oxidation reactions. This topic is of high interest to scientific communities working in the field of electrocatalysis and this review should provide theoretical guidance for the rational design of improved carbide and nitride electrocatalysts.

Density functional theory studies of transition metal carbides and nitrides as electrocatalysts.

Self-supported Ni3Se2@NiFe layered double hydroxide bifunctional electrocatalyst for overall water splitting

A comprehensive review on the prospects of multi-functional carbon nano onions as an effective, high- performance energy storage material

Transition metal borides, carbides, pnictides, and chalcogenides (X-ides) have emerged as a class of materials for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER). Because of their high earth abundance, electrical conductivity, and OER performance, these electrocatalysts have the potential to enable the practical application of green energy conversion and storage. Under OER potentials, X-ide electrocatalysts demonstrate various degrees of oxidation resistance due to their differences in chemical composition, crystal structure, and morphology. Depending on their resistance to oxidation, these catalysts will fall into one of three post-OER electrocatalyst categories: fully oxidized oxide/(oxy)hydroxide material, partially oxidized core@shell structure, and unoxidized material. In the past ten years (from 2013 to 2022), over 890 peer-reviewed research papers have focused on X-ide OER electrocatalysts. Previous review papers have provided limited conclusions and have omitted the significance of "catalytically active sites/species/phases" in X-ide OER electrocatalysts. In this review, a comprehensive summary of (i) experimental parameters (e.g., substrates, electrocatalyst loading amounts, geometric overpotentials, Tafel slopes, etc.) and (ii) electrochemical stability tests and post-analyses in X-ide OER electrocatalyst publications from 2013 to 2022 is provided. Both mono and polyanion X-ides are discussed and classified with respect to their material transformation during the OER. Special analytical techniques employed to study X-ide reconstruction are also evaluated. Additionally, future challenges and questions yet to be answered are provided in each section. This review aims to provide researchers with a toolkit to approach X-ide OER electrocatalyst research and to showcase necessary avenues for future investigation.

A Review of Transition Metal Boride, Carbide, Pnictide, and Chalcogenide Water Oxidation Electrocatalysts.

Optimization of electrocatalytic performance and identification of active sites for water splitting catalysts are important for the renewable energy technologies. Using one-step facile high-pressure annealing approach, herein, we report the rapid synthesis and preferred selections of 3d transition metals M (Mn, Co, and Ni)-doped Fe3C@carbon nano-onions 2 for optimized electrocatalytic performance. The as-prepared highly crystalline and spheroidal core-shell-like FCC@CNOs exhibits an excellent OER activity with overpotential of 271 mV at 10 mA cm−2 among carbides catalysts, and long-term stability over 40 h (100 mA cm−2). Both experimental and density functional theory results support that the synergistic interaction of Fe and Co atom promotes FCC@CNOs having lower OER kinetic barrier and surface Co sites are activated for improved performance, not a conventional additive effect of bimetallic Co and Fe atoms. The present study provides the insights on the direct understanding of the synergistic effect of bimetallic electrocatalyts and identification of real active sites.

Pressure-driven catalyst synthesis of Co-doped Fe3C@Carbon nano-onions for efficient oxygen evolution reaction

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Pressure-driven catalyst synthesis of Co-doped Fe3C@Carbon nano-onions for efficient oxygen evolution reaction