The exploration of renewable, cost-effective, and environmentally friendly electrode materials with high adsorption, fast ion/electron transport, and tunable surface chemistry is urgently needed for the development of next-generation biocompatible energy-storage devices. In recent years, biomass-derived carbon electrode materials for energy storage have attracted significant attention because of their widespread availability, renewable nature, and low cost. More importantly, their inherent uniform and precise biological structures can be utilized as templates for fabricating electrode materials with controlled and well-defined geometries. Meanwhile, the basic elements of biomass are carbon, sulfur, nitrogen, and phosphorus. The special naturally ordered hierarchical structures as well as abundant surface properties of biomass-derived carbon materials are compatible with electrochemical reaction processes such as ion transfer and diffusion. To date, a series of novel porous carbon materials with different dimensions have been prepared by various methods using biomass as the raw material, which is an important field in the fabrication of supercapacitor electrode materials. Herein, we summarized recently reported biomass-derived carbon materials with one-dimensional, two-dimensional, and three-dimensional structures and their applications as carbon-based electrode materials for supercapacitors. Finally, the current challenges and future perspectives of the carbon-based electrode materials with respect to the supercapacitor's performance were closely highlighted.

Biomass-derived porous carbon materials with different dimensions for supercapacitor electrodes: a review

Carbon materials, owing to their excellent electrical conductivity, tailorability, inexpensiveness and versatility, have been extensively studied as electrode materials for supercapacitors. The capacitance of carbon-based supercapacitor electrodes has remained at a mediocre level between 100 and 200 F g−1 for decades. Until recently, a new family of carbon materials termed hierarchical porous carbons has pushed the capacitance to new benchmark values beyond 300 F g−1, and has revitalized the exploration of carbon materials for supercapacitors. Hierarchical porous carbons contain different scales of pores (from micropores to macropores) inter-connected together and assembled in hierarchical patterns. Experimental studies coupled with theoretical investigations have elucidated that the presence of micropores is responsible for offering a large surface area to enhance charge storage capability, whilst mesopores, macropores and the hierarchical structure improve electrolyte infiltration and facilitate ion diffusion. This review will start by introducing different pore types and the definition of hierarchical porous structures, followed by discussion and exemplification of major synthesis strategies. In addition, recent molecular-level understanding of the relationship between pore size, functionalities inside pores, pore spatial distribution and capacitive performance is presented. Finally, challenges and future opportunities associated with hierarchical porous carbons for supercapacitors are discussed.

Revitalizing carbon supercapacitor electrodes with hierarchical porous structures

Lightweight microwave absorbing materials have drawn tremendous attention. Herein, nano-porous biomass carbon materials have been prepared by carbonization with a subsequent potassium hydroxide activation of walnut shells and the microwave absorption properties have also been investigated. The obtained samples have large specific surface areas with numerous micropores and nanopores. The sample activated at 600 °C with a specific surface area of 736.2 m2 g-1 exhibits the most enhanced microwave absorption performance. It has the maximum reflection loss of -42.4 dB at 8.88 GHz and the effective absorption bandwidth (reflection loss below -10 dB) is 1.76 GHz (from 8.08 GHz to 9.84 GHz), corresponding to a thickness of 2 mm. Additionally, the effective absorption bandwidth can reach 2.24 GHz (from 10.48 GHz to 12.72 GHz) when the absorber thickness is 1.5 mm. Three-dimensional porous architecture, interfacial polarization relaxation loss, and the dipolar relaxation loss make a great contribution to the excellent microwave absorption performance. In contrast, the non-activated sample with lower specific surface area (435.3 m2 g-1) has poor microwave absorption performance due to a poor dielectric loss capacity. This comparison highlights the role of micropores and nanopores in improving the dielectric loss property of porous carbon materials. To sum up, porous biomass carbon has great potential to become lightweight microwave absorbers. Moreover, KOH is an efficient activation agent in the fabrication of carbonaceous materials.

Lightweight and efficient microwave absorbing materials based on walnut shell-derived nano-porous carbon

Mesoporous carbon hollow microspheres with red blood cell like morphology for efficient microwave absorption at elevated temperature

Currently, carbon materials, such as graphene, carbon nanotubes, activated carbon, porous carbon, have been successfully applied in energy storage area by taking advantage of their structural and functional diversity. However, the development of advanced science and technology has spurred demands for green and sustainable energy storage materials. Biomass-derived carbon, as a type of electrode materials, has attracted much attention because of its structural diversities, adjustable physical/chemical properties, environmental friendliness and considerable economic value. Because the nature contributes the biomass with bizarre microstructures, the biomass-derived carbon materials also show naturally structural diversities, such as 0D spherical, 1D fibrous, 2D lamellar and 3D spatial structures. In this review, the structure design of biomass-derived carbon materials for energy storage is presented. The effects of structural diversity, porosity and surface heteroatom doping of biomass-derived carbon materials in supercapacitors, lithium-ion batteries and sodium-ion batteries are discussed in detail. In addition, the new trends and challenges in biomass-derived carbon materials have also been proposed for further rational design of biomass-derived carbon materials for energy storage.

/pdf/biomass-derived-carbon-materials-with-structural-diversities-1gqkegdrwl.pdf

Biomass-derived carbon materials with structural diversities and their applications in energy storage

High-Performance Anode of Sodium Ion Battery from Polyacrylonitrile/Humic Acid Composite Electrospun Carbon Fibers

Using the facile method of solvent evaporation, the leonardite fulvic acids (LFA)-based porous carbon microbeads (PCM) have been successfully prepared at ambient pressure, followed by carbonization and KOH activation (a low mass ratio alkali/LFA = 15) in an inert atmosphere The effects of KOH treatment on pore structures and the formation mechanism of the PCM were discussed The results showed that the sample exhibited remarkable improvement in textural properties The activated carbon microbeads had high surface area (2269 m2 g−1), large pore volume (197 cm3 g−1), and displayed excellent capacitive performances, compared with carbon powder The porous carbon material electrodes with the “porous core structure” behaved superiorly at a specific capacitance of 320 F g−1 at a current density of 005 A g−1 in 6 M KOH electrolyte, which could still remain 193 F g−1 when the current density increased to 100 A g−1 Remarkably, in the 1 M TEABF4/PC electrolyte, the PCM samples could reach 156 F g−1 at 005 A g−1, possess an outstanding energy density of 3950 Wh kg−1, and maintain at 2205 Wh kg−1 even when the power density rose up to 5880 W kg−1 The balance of structural characteristic and high performance makes the porous carbon microbeads a competitive and promising supercapacitor electrode material

Facile synthesis of biomass-derived hierarchical porous carbon microbeads for supercapacitors

Biotechnology humic acids-based electrospun carbon nanofibers as cost-efficient electrodes for lithium-ion batteries

Biomass-derived dendritic-like porous carbon aerogels for supercapacitors

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High-Performance Anode of Sodium Ion Battery from Polyacrylonitrile/Humic Acid Composite Electrospun Carbon Fibers

Facile synthesis of biomass-derived hierarchical porous carbon microbeads for supercapacitors

Biotechnology humic acids-based electrospun carbon nanofibers as cost-efficient electrodes for lithium-ion batteries

Biomass-derived dendritic-like porous carbon aerogels for supercapacitors