Diversity of microbiota, microbial functions, and flavor in different types of low-temperature Daqu

Bacterial communities that enrich in high-temperature Daqu are important for the Chinese maotai-flavor liquor brewing process. However, the bacterial communities in three different types of high-temperature Daqu (white Daqu, black Daqu, and yellow Daqu) are still undercharacterized. In this study, the bacterial diversity of three different types of high-temperature Daqu was investigated using Illumina MiSeq high-throughput sequencing. The bacterial community of high-temperature Daqu is mainly composed of thermophilic bacteria, and seven bacterial phyla along with 262 bacterial genera were identified in all 30 high-temperature Daqu samples. Firmicutes, Actinobacteria, Proteobacteria, and Acidobacteria were the dominant bacterial phyla in high-temperature Daqu samples, while Thermoactinomyces, Staphylococcus, Lentibacillus, Bacillus, Kroppenstedtia, Saccharopolyspora, Streptomyces, and Brevibacterium were the dominant bacterial genera. The bacterial community structure of three different types of high-temperature Daqu was significantly different (p < .05). In addition, the results of microbiome phenotype prediction by BugBase and bacterial functional potential prediction using PICRUSt show that bacteria from different types of high-temperature Daqu have similar functions as well as phenotypes, and bacteria in high-temperature Daqu have vigorous metabolism in the transport and decomposition of amino acids and carbohydrates. These results offer a reference for the comprehensive understanding of bacterial diversity of high-temperature Daqu.

Analysis of microbial diversity and functional differences in different types of high-temperature Daqu.

. The Tibetan Plateau (TP) is the largest alpine plateau on
Earth and plays an important role in global climate dynamics. On the TP,
climate change is happening particularly fast, with an increase in air
temperature twice the global average. The particular sensitivity of this
high mountain environment allows observation and tracking of abiotic and
biotic feedback mechanisms. Closed lake systems, such as Nam Co on the
central TP, represent important natural laboratories for tracking past and
recent climatic changes, as well as geobiological processes and interactions
within their respective catchments. This review gives an interdisciplinary
overview of past and modern environmental changes using Nam Co as a case
study. In the catchment area, ongoing rise in air temperature forces
glaciers to melt, contributing to a rise in lake level and changes in water
chemistry. Some studies base their conclusions on inconsistent glacier
inventories, but an ever-increasing deglaciation and thus higher water
availability have persisted over the last few decades. Increasing water
availability causes translocation of sediments, nutrients and dissolved
organic matter to the lake, as well as higher carbon emissions to the
atmosphere. The intensity of grazing has an additional and significant
effect on CO2 fluxes, with moderate grazing enhancing belowground
allocation of carbon while adversely affecting the C sink potential through
reduction of above-surface and subsurface biomass at higher grazing intensities.
Furthermore, increasing pressure from human activities and livestock grazing
are enhancing grassland degradation processes, thus shaping biodiversity
patterns in the lake and catchment. The environmental signal provided by
taxon-specific analysis (e.g., diatoms and ostracods) in Nam Co revealed
profound climatic fluctuations between warmer–cooler and wetter–drier
periods since the late Pleistocene and an increasing input of freshwater and
nutrients from the catchment in recent years. Based on the reviewed
literature, we outline perspectives to further understand the effects of
global warming on geodiversity and biodiversity and their interplay at Nam Co,
which acts as a case study for potentially TP-level or even worldwide processes
that are currently shaping high mountain areas.

/pdf/reviews-and-syntheses-how-do-abiotic-and-biotic-processes-3otwpib5sq.pdf

Reviews and syntheses: How do abiotic and biotic processes respond to climatic variations in the Nam Co catchment (Tibetan Plateau)?

Doenjang, a traditional Korean soybean paste consisting of fermented meju has been consumed for centuries as a protein source. In this study, the physicochemical factors and microbial communities of samples prepared from four batches of meju and doenjang were investigated to identify the factors that affect the food quality. The water content and salt concentration were higher in doenjang than in meju, and the acidity and amino-type nitrogen varied depending on the batch. After fermentation of doenjang, the pH, salt concentration, and amino-type nitrogen increased in all batches. Enterococcus and Bacillus were present in all meju samples, whereas Enterococcus, Tetragenococcus, and Bacillus were present in all doenjang samples. The dominant fungi in meju and doenjang was Aspergillus. The abundance of certain fungi, such as Debaryomyces, Candida, Mucor, and Gibberella, varied batch to batch. The amino-type nitrogen, which determines the quality of doenjang, was correlated with the relative abundance of Aspergillus in doenjang prior to fermentation. In addition, these strains had a negative correlation with the salt concentration. This study has elucidated the composition of microbial communities in meju and doenjang, which may lead to improved quality in the production of fermented food.

High-throughput sequencing of the microbial community associated with the physicochemical properties of meju (dried fermented soybean) and doenjang (traditional Korean fermented soybean paste)

Exploring the impacts of traditional crafts on microbial community succession in Jiang-flavored Daqu.

This paper aims to calculate and analyze the spatial and temporal variations in the groundwater flow quantity in Nam Co Lake based on the water balance principle. The results show that a large amount of groundwater was gradually lost and that, groundwater loss decreased from 1.9 billion m3 to 1.5 billion m3 from the period of 1980–1984 to 1995–2009. The comparative analysis in the current study indicates that the decrease in the groundwater index has a strong linear relationship with the temperature of the ground surface on the Tibetan Plateau, with a correlation coefficient as high as 0.92. Moreover, environmental variations such as large-scale engineering construction projects and increases in water storage may have played dominant roles in the sudden changes in the water quantities of plateau lakes (e.g., Nam Co Lake) during the periods of 1990–1995 and 2000–2009. The increased water levels resulted in reduced groundwater losses, which may lead to the substantial expansion or gradual shrinkage of the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau lakes over short periods of time. The results of this study provide an important reference for studying the mechanisms of lake water level changes on the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau.

https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4441/10/7/941/pdf

Temporal Variations in the Quantity of Groundwater Flow in Nam Co Lake

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/jib.592

High throughput sequencing of the bacterial composition and dynamic succession in Daqu for Chinese sesame flavour liquor

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Temporal Variations in the Quantity of Groundwater Flow in Nam Co Lake

High throughput sequencing of the bacterial composition and dynamic succession in Daqu for Chinese sesame flavour liquor