Antibiotics detected in urines and adipogenesis in school children.

Waist Circumference Distribution of Chinese School-age Children and Adolescents

Background: Waist circumference has been identified as a valuable predictor of cardiovascular risk in children. The development of waist circumference percentiles and cut-offs for various ethnic groups are necessary because of differences in body composition. The purpose of this study was to develop waist circumference percentiles for Chinese children and to explore optimal waist circumference cut-off values for predicting cardiovascular risk factors clustering in this population. Methods: Height, weight, and waist circumference were measured in 5529 children (2830 boys and 2699 girls) aged 6-12 years randomly selected from southern and northern China. Blood pressure, fasting triglycerides, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and glucose were obtained in a subsample (n = 1845). Smoothed percentile curves were produced using the LMS method. Receiver-operating characteristic analysis was used to derive the optimal age- and gender-specific waist circumference thresholds for predicting the clustering of cardiovascular risk factors. Results: Gender-specific waist circumference percentiles were constructed. The waist circumference thresholds were at the 90th and 84th percentiles for Chinese boys and girls respectively, with sensitivity and specificity ranging from 67% to 83%. The odds ratio of a clustering of cardiovascular risk factors among boys and girls with a higher value than cut-off points was 10.349 (95% confidence interval 4.466 to 23.979) and 8.084 (95% confidence interval 3.147 to 20.767) compared with their counterparts. Conclusions: Percentile curves for waist circumference of Chinese children are provided. The cut-off point for waist circumference to predict cardiovascular risk factors clustering is at the 90th and 84th percentiles for Chinese boys and girls, respectively.

/pdf/waist-circumference-cut-off-values-for-the-prediction-of-1ulydxxbrq.pdf

Waist circumference cut-off values for the prediction of cardiovascular risk factors clustering in Chinese school-aged children: a cross-sectional study.

The purposes of this study were to develop age- and sex-specific waist circumference reference data for Portuguese children and adolescents aged 10–18 years and to compare them with those from other countries. This was a school-based study performed in Portugal. A total of 22,003 children and adolescents aged 10–18 years were included in the study. Smoothed sex- and age-specific 5th, 10th, 25th, 50th, 75th, 90th, and 95th percentile curves of waist circumference were estimated using Cole's lambda–mu–sigma method. Waist circumference values increased with age in both boys and girls, and boys had higher values than girls at every age and percentile. In both sexes, the Portuguese values in the 90th percentile were closer to the Bolivian values and considerably lower than those of the American children for all age groups. Conclusion: The data presented provide information for abdominal risk assessment and clinical and lifestyle intervention; our results also provide useful baseline data information for the implementation of a surveillance system required to monitor trends and factors associated with abdominal obesity in children and adolescents.

Waist circumference percentiles for Portuguese children and adolescents aged 10 to 18 years.

Aim To determine the best anthropometric index among body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), and waist-to-stature ratio (WSR) and to derive optimal thresholds for predicting CVD risk factors in Chinese children. Methods A total of 2563 children aged 8-12 years were recruited in Guangzhou, China. Anthropometric indices were measured in all participants. Systolic and diastolic blood pressure (SBP and DBP, respectively), glucose, triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDLC) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) were measured in a subsample of 1609 children. Results In partial correlation analyses, the highest coefficients were found for WC in four risk factors in both genders. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analyses showed that WC was comparably consistent among the best in predicting BP and risk factor clustering, WC and WSR were the best in predicting HDL-C and TG in boys; WC, slightly better than BMI, was the best in distinguishing high BP and risk factor clustering in girls. In contrast, WHR was consistently the poorest index in both genders. Optimal age- and gender-specific thresholds to identify individual and clustering risk factors were provided; the thresholds for WC were 57.4-80.4 cm and 55.8-69.6 cm in boys and girls, respectively. Conclusions WC was the comparatively consistent and best predictor of CVD risk factors compared with WSR and BMI, although the differences were small and depended on the type of risk factor and gender, and WHR was consistently the poorest predictor in Chinese children.

/pdf/waist-circumference-is-better-than-other-anthropometric-2u4ixu3ldu.pdf

Waist Circumference is Better Than Other Anthropometric Indices for Predicting Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors in Chinese Children—a Cross-Sectional Study in Guangzhou

Objective: To examine the distribution of age- and gender-specific waist circumference (WC) and to identify optimal cutoffs for predicting cardiovascular (CV) risk factors in Chinese Han and Uygur children.



Methods and Procedures: In total 4,224 Han and Uygur children aged 7–18 were randomly selected from schools in Urumqi city, China. WC, height, and weight were accurately measured in all subjects. Blood pressure, fasting lipids, glucose, and insulin were determined in 258 overweight/obese children and 370 age-, gender-, and ethnicity-matched normal-weight controls selected from the same study sample. LMS (lambda-mu-sigma) method was used to construct WC centile curves. Optimal WC cutoffs were determined by comparing the performance of five sets of WC cutoffs in predicting CV risk factors.



Results: Han boys and girls had higher WC at all percentiles and ages except for girls over the age of 16. Uygur girls also showed a greater increase in WC corresponding with age (2.1 cm/year vs. 1.6 cm/year for the median) than Han girls. Compared with the other four sets of cutoffs, the 85th WC percentile showed the best combination of sensitivity (81.0%) and specificity (71.4%). The two sets of WC cutoffs constructed by allowing centile curves passing through the adult cutoffs for central adiposity using the fitted LMS curves provided poor sensitivities in predicting the presence of cluster of CV risk factors.



Discussion: The growth pattern of WC varies with gender and ethnicity. The 85th percentile of WC is an appropriate cutoff for Chinese Han and Uygur children in the prediction of CV risks.

Waist Circumference Cutoff Points in School-aged Chinese Han and Uygur Children

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Waist Circumference Cutoff Points in School-aged Chinese Han and Uygur Children