Retention of agricultural sprays on plant surfaces is an important challenge. Bouncing of sprayed pesticide droplets from leaves is a major source of soil and groundwater pollution and pesticide overuse. Here we report a method to increase droplet deposition through in-situ formation of hydrophilic surface defects that can arrest droplets during impact. Defects are created by simultaneously spraying oppositely charged polyelectrolytes that induce surface precipitation when two droplets come into contact. Using high-speed imaging, we study the coupled dynamics of drop impact and surface precipitate formation. We develop a physical model to estimate the energy dissipation by the defects and predict the transition from bouncing to sticking. We demonstrate macroscopic enhancements in spray retention and surface coverage for natural and synthetic non-wetting surfaces and provide insights into designing effective agricultural sprays.

Enhancing droplet deposition through in-situ precipitation

To seek new Protoporphyrinogen oxidase (PPO) inhibitors with better biological active, a series of novel diphenyl ether derivatives containing tetrahydrophthalimide were designed based on the princ...

Design, Synthesis, and Herbicidal Activity of Novel Diphenyl Ether Derivatives Containing Fast Degrading Tetrahydrophthalimide.

Mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSN) are widely used as pesticide carriers to enhance their effective utilization, since it can promote the solubility and absorption of pesticides by plants. For plants, the particle size of pesticides influences their absorption and efficacy. Herein, is our research work of the size effect of MSN on the loading, release, and delivery behavior of pyraoxystrobin (Pyr) in cucumber plants. The well-ordered Pyr-loaded carbon quantum dots-MSN (Pyr@M) with sizes of 15, 100, and 200 nm were prepared. A comparative study among different particle sizes of Pyr@M was carried out on the aspects of control release performance, loading content, uptake, and transportation performance in cucumber plants. It was found that the loading content increased as the particle size increased. The nanoparticles as carriers increased the solubility of insoluble Pyr, but the nanoparticle size had no clear difference impact on the release rate. The efficiency of the cellular uptake strongly depended on the particle size. The smaller the MSN size, the easier it was to be absorbed and transmitted by cucumber plants. Compared to the free Pyr, the upward transportation rate of Pyr from Pyr@M in plant increased by 3.5 times. These findings provide new theoretical basis to design the MSN pesticide delivery system.

https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/11/2/575/pdf

Size Effect of Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles on Pesticide Loading, Release, and Delivery in Cucumber Plants

Fusarium wilt disease poses a serious threat to the global production of bananas. The targeted delivery of fungicides to banana phloem tissues may offer new hope for controlling this hard-to-treat vascular disease. In this study, fludioxonil (FLU)-loaded glycine methyl ester-conjugated polysuccinimide nanoparticles (PGA) were prepared with a loading efficiency (LE) of 27.9%. The obtained nanoparticles (FLU@PGA) exhibited pH-sensitive controlled release, specifically under an alkaline pH in plant phloem. In vivo experiments in potted bananas demonstrated that FLU@PGA can achieve the downward delivery of FLU to banana rhizomes and roots after foliar application, reducing disease severity by 50.4%. The phloem transport studies showed that the phloem loading of FLU@PGA was involved in an active transport mechanism at the organ level (castor bean seedlings). The observation of fluorescein-5-isothiocyanate cadaverine-labeled PGA nanocarriers showed that they could be absorbed by mesophyll cells and loaded into vascular tissues through the symplastic pathway. Furthermore, the interaction of FLU@PGA with the plant amino acid transporter AtLHT1 was observed to enhance transmembrane uptake at the cellular level (Xenopus oocytes). These results suggested that the phloem-targeted delivery of fungicide by transporter-mediated nanocarriers could be a promising new strategy for the management of Fusarium wilt in bananas.

Phloem Delivery of Fludioxonil by Plant Amino Acid Transporter-Mediated Polysuccinimide Nanocarriers for Controlling Fusarium Wilt in Banana.

Creating novel pesticides with phloem mobility is essential for controlling insects in vascular tissue and root, and conjugating existing pesticides with amino acid is an effective approach. In order to obtain a highly phloem-mobile candidate for efficient pesticides, an electro-neutral l-glutamine–fipronil conjugate (l-GlnF) retaining α-amino acid function was designed and synthesized to fit the substrate specificity of an amino acid transporter. Cotyledon uptake and phloem loading tests with Ricinus communis have verified that l-GlnF was phloem mobile, and its phloem mobility was higher than that of its enantiomer d-GlnF and other previously reported amino acid–fipronil conjugates. Inhibition experiments then suggested that the uptake of l-GlnF was, at least partially, mediated by an active transport mechanism. This inference was further strengthened by assimilation experiments with Xenopus oocytes and genetically modified Arabidopsis thaliana, which showed a direct correlation between the uptake of l-G...

Design of a New Glutamine-Fipronil Conjugate with α-Amino Acid Function and Its Uptake by A. thaliana Lysine Histidine Transporter 1 ( AtLHT1).

Understanding of the transporters involved in the uptake and translocation of agrochemicals in plants could provide an opportunity to guide pesticide to the site of insect feeding. The product of A...

AtLHT1 Transporter Can Facilitate the Uptake and Translocation of a Glycinergic-Chlorantraniliprole Conjugate in Arabidopsis thaliana.

Enhancing the systemic distribution of a bioactive compound by exploiting the vascular transport system of a plant presents a means of reducing both the volume and frequency of pesticide/fungicide application. The foliar uptake of the glucose–fipronil conjugate N-[3-cyano-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-4-[(trifluoromethyl)sulfinyl]-1H-pyrazol-5-yl]-1-(β-d-glucopyranosyl)-1H-1,2,3-triazole-4-methanamine (GTF) achieved in castor bean (Ricinus communis) and its transport via the phloem are known to be mediated by monosaccharide transporter(s) [MST(s)], although neither the identity of the key MST(s) involved nor the mechanistic basis of its movement have yet to be described. On the basis of homology with Arabidopsis thaliana sugar transporters, the castor bean genome was concluded to harbor 53 genes encoding a sugar transporter, falling into the eight previously defined subfamilies INT, PMT, VGT, STP, ERD6, pGlucT, TMT, and SUT. Transcriptional profiling identified the product of RcSTP1 as a cand...

Family of Ricinus communis Monosaccharide Transporters and RcSTP1 in Promoting the Uptake of a Glucose-Fipronil Conjugate.

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AtLHT1 Transporter Can Facilitate the Uptake and Translocation of a Glycinergic-Chlorantraniliprole Conjugate in Arabidopsis thaliana.

Family of Ricinus communis Monosaccharide Transporters and RcSTP1 in Promoting the Uptake of a Glucose-Fipronil Conjugate.