Trace Elements in Soils

The Natural Hazards Review stands on the realization that natural disaster losses result from interactions between the physical world, the constructed environment, and the character of the societies and people who occupy them. The journal is dedicated to bringing together the physical, social, and behavioral sciences; engineering; and the regulatory and policy environments to provide a forum for cutting edge, holistic, and cross-disciplinary approaches to natural hazards loss and cost reduction. The journal offers a means for researchers and practitioners working together to publish the results of truly interdisciplinary and partnered approaches to loss reduction and long-term disaster resiliency. Engineering topics covered include the characterization of hazard forces and the planning, design, construction, maintenance, performance, and use of structures in the physical environment. Social and behavioral sciences topics addressed include a range of issues related to hazard mitigation and human response as well as significant issues related to the built environment such as land use, building standards, and the role of financial markets and insurance. The specific physical science topics covered include those pertinent to understanding the hazardous character of the world and the performance of the structures that we build to accommodate our way of life. More importantly, the journal features papers co-authored by people from a variety of specializations who bring a cross-disciplinary perspective to the complex factors that contribute to disasters in today’s -- and especially tomorrow’s -- world.

Natural Hazards Review

Estimating flood losses for hazard mitigation planning is an increasingly important aspect of flood risk management. The loss estimation process typically includes sequential analysis of the flood hazard, building characteristics, structural damage, and economic loss. However, the reliability of economic loss estimates from the modeling process is not well understood. This research applies the method of global sensitivity analysis to the HAZUS-MH flood loss estimation model. The work is guided by two research questions: what is the uncertainty of the flood loss estimates, and what is the relative contribution of each model component to the overall uncertainty? Based on the uncertainty analysis, the estimate at the upper bound of loss distribution was found to be a factor of three higher than the lower-bound estimate. The sensitivity analysis revealed the choice of digital elevation data to be the most influential modeling stage. Recommendations are provided so that HAZUS-MH users can develop more ...

Uncertainty and Sensitivity Analysis of the HAZUS-MH Flood Model

This study examines a tool developed by the U.S. FEMA for performing earthquake, hurricane, and flood hazard modeling and damage assessment. The focus of this research was to compare the native flood modeling and damage assessment functionalities of this tool with the May 2010 floods that impacted Davidson County (Nashville), Tennessee. Flood scenarios were created at the county and subcounty levels by using 1 and 1/3  arc-second digital elevation models and 100, 500, and 1,000 year flood return periods. The predicted flood surface area and damage levels were compared to observed flooding and damage from the 2010 floods. At the county level, the software was useful in predicting 87% of flood surface area and in identifying areas of damage, but its predictive value was limited at the subcounty level. These findings indicate that this predictive tool can be used primarily for large, county-level estimations as a screening tool to identify high impact areas that may require further analysis using mor...

Scale and Resolution Considerations in the Application of HAZUS-MH 2.1 to Flood Risk Assessments

Probabilistic spatial susceptibility modeling of carbonate karst sinkhole

This study presents a GIS-based approach to efficiently assess sinkhole susceptibility based on their morphological and contextual attributes derived from GIS and imagery data. Using a 14-km2 karst area in Nixa, Missouri as the study area, we first applied a sequence of GIS operations to extract sinks (i.e., topographic depressions), from bare-ground digital terrain models. We then derived three types of sink attributes from various GIS and imagery data, including four morphological attributes related to sink size, shape, depth, and terrain ruggedness; three imagery attributes denoting the impervious surface percentage, vegetation growth condition, and seasonal water conditions of sinks; and seven contextual attributes related to land use, population density, neighborhood sink density, hydrological flow, groundwater yield, bedrock depth, and historical sinkhole records. Sinks were ranked by each of the 14 attributes and assigned corresponding susceptibility scores, then combined by specified weights. The results identified high-priority sinkholes for mitigation activities or for further field-based inspection. The proposed computerized approach for sinkhole susceptibility ranking can be effectively used as a first-stage sinkhole examination to maximize the use of limited resources for further comprehensive investigation.

/pdf/sinkhole-susceptibility-assessment-based-on-morphological-566d8nbbs5.pdf

Sinkhole susceptibility assessment based on morphological, imagery, and contextual attributes derived from gis and imagery data

This study investigates the trends and error bounds in HAZUS flood hazard modeling due to changes in two parameters: threshold drainage area and study region size. Using the city of Ozark, Missouri, U.S.A., as a case study area, we compared modeled floodplains, flood debris, and economic loss in 24 threshold drainage areas and 20 study region sizes. The results show that the total floodplain area and total economic loss decrease with increasing threshold drainage area while the total amount of flood debris has an increasing trend. A threshold drainage area of 2.00 square miles is regarded as the optimal parameter for future HAZUS flood modeling for Ozark, based on the comparison of modeled floodplains with the FEMA Q3 floodplains. The total floodplain area and total economic loss tend to be larger at a larger study region, while no clear trend has been observed in the amount of flood debris. A study region of one county is suggested for future flood modeling because this size produces stable flood estimat...

Effects of Threshold Drainage Area and Study Region Size on HAZUS Flood Analysis

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Sinkhole susceptibility assessment based on morphological, imagery, and contextual attributes derived from gis and imagery data

Effects of Threshold Drainage Area and Study Region Size on HAZUS Flood Analysis