Inflammation is a natural response of living organisms to the presence of internal and external substances which are recognized by the host as being "non-self" or "foreign invader". It is also a cascade leading to the healing of damaged tissue. Uncontrolled inflammation often results in chronic diseases such as arthritis, autoimmune disorder, cancer, dementia, diabetic, neurodegeneration and vascular disease. The list keeps growing due to the increasing numbers of identified molecular markers that are associated with inflammatory genes or transcription factors. Among various transcription factors, nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kB) is the master switch for proinflammatory genes and transactivates arachidonic acid pathway enzymes when activated. Through evolution, plants have developed vast classes of compounds to fight inflammation. Most of them belong to the chemical group of alkaloids, coumarins, flavonoids, polyphenols and terpenoids. This review article presents and discusses results obtained from literature search on recent findings in plant-derived compounds, which exhibit anti-inflammatory activity in rheumatoid arthritis, allergy and asthma via the suppression of the arachidonic acid pathway. IC(50)s of the compounds obtained from the literature are thus tabulated into six groups of inhibitors based on the enzyme target of phospholipase A2, cyclooxygenase 1 and 2, 5-, 12- and 15-lipoxygenase. Modulation of Th1/Th2 cytokines and histamine/mucus release by some of these enzyme inhibitors are also briefly discussed.

Natural products triggering biological targets--a review of the anti-inflammatory phytochemicals targeting the arachidonic acid pathway in allergy asthma and rheumatoid arthritis.

Detection and identification of viruses in okra plant is important to manage viral diseases. Good quality of DNA is essential for the PCR based detection and subsequent genomic sequencing. However, the DNA extraction has been greatly affected by mucilaginous substances present in okra plant parts. Objective of this study is to find out an extraction method that can eliminate mucilaginous materials and yield good quality DNA. Five different protocols were tested with okra leaf samples having okra yellow vein mosaic disease (OYVMD) symptoms. Quantity and purity of extracted DNA was tested using Nanodrop spectrophotometer. Precise quantity comparison was done by measuring total plant DNA in relation to the copy number of ACT2 gene using quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). The extracted DNA samples were used as template for detection of Bhendi yellow vein mosaic virus and Bhendi yellow vein mosaic betasatellite using specific primers. A modified protocol (modified method 1), introduced in this study, produced better yield and quality of DNA compared to other tested protocols. The method yielded 32 μg DNA for 100 mg leaf powder and the ratios A260/A280 and A260/A230 were 1.8 and 2.1, respectively. The qPCR quantification further confirmed higher quantity of DNA yield in this modified protocol. End point PCR with virus specific primers yielded very bright bands for Bhendi yellow vein mosaic virus and Bhendi yellow vein mosaic betasatellite. In conclusion, the modified method 1 can be used to extract good quality and quantity of DNA from okra.

/pdf/selecting-and-optimizing-a-reliable-dna-extraction-method-4g0u0ayf9a.pdf

Selecting and optimizing a reliable DNA extraction method for isolating viral DNA in okra ( Abelmoschus esculentus )

Methylnigakinone content determination and geographical origin discrimination for P. quassioides via fluorescence fingerprint and principal component analyses.

Phellodendron amurense Rupr. (amur cork tree, Fig. 1) is a northern species belonging to the family Rutaceae and is found in Japan, Korea, northern China, Manchuria, Ussuri and Amur. It is a dioecious tree with rather thick branches reaching more than 20 m high in the mountains, whose flowers bloom greenish in May-July. The fruit is nearly globose, is about 1 cm across and turns black when ripe. Another three species are found in Japan: P. amurense Rupr. var. sachalinense F. Schmidt.,P. amurense Rupr. var. japonicum (Maxim.) Ohwi, P. amurense var. lavallei (Dode) Sprague, and also P. chinensis Schneid. in China (Ohwi 1984). Cortex Phellodendri is the dry stem bark of P. amurense Rupr. or P. chinensis Schneid., and is officially listed in the Japanese and Chinese Pharmacopoeia (Tang and Eisenbrand 1992). It is used as a crude drug in Japan, China and Korea: The bark and fruit have been used as a remedy for fever and the fruit has also been used as an expectorant. A decoction or powder is used for stomach relief and an anodyne, and “daraniske” made from the extract is a famous Japanese medicine. It is a remedy for kidney trouble, stomach, and bladder problems. It is also a strong antibiotic to treat bacillary dysentery, typhus and typhoid. The bark of another species P. chinensis is a better grade than that of the northern species. P. wilsonii Hay. and Kaneh. is used as an endemic; a decoction of the inner bark and root is taken for stomach relief and a remedy for kidney trouble.

Indolopyridoquinazoline, Furoquinoline, Canthinone and Protoberberine-Type Alkaloids from Phellodendron amurense Callus Tissues

An improved method of DNA isolation suitable for PCR-based detection of begomoviruses from jute and other mucilaginous plants.

Diversity of Alkaloid and Mucilage in Phellodemdron Barks from Different Habitas.

Berberine Contents in Phellodendron Leaves.

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Diversity of Alkaloid and Mucilage in Phellodemdron Barks from Different Habitas.

Berberine Contents in Phellodendron Leaves.