Simple Summary An outbreak of Newcastle disease viruses AAvV-1 subgenotype VII.1 was described in the Moscow region of Russia in 2022. The outbreak occurred on a private backyard farm located far from other poultry farms. The virus was extremely pathogenic and contagious in chicken, while it was virtually harmless to mice. The epidemic situation of Paramyxovirus in Russia is discussed. Abstract In August 2022 on a backyard farm in the Moscow region of Russia, mortality was observed among chickens, and all 45 birds of a particular farm died or were slaughtered after the onset of symptoms within a few days. Paramyxovirus was isolated from the diseased birds. Based on the nucleotide sequences of the F and NP gene fragments, it was determined that the virus belonged to subgenotype VII.1 AAvV-1 class II. The cleavage site of the F gene 109SGGRRQKRFIG119 and T in 546 and 555 position of the NP gene were typical for the velogenic type. The genetically closest NDV isolates were found in Iran. The mean time of death of 10-day-old chicken embryos upon infection with the minimal infectious dose was 52 h, which is typical for the velogenic pathotype. The virus caused 100% death of six-week-old chickens during oral infection as well as 100% mortality of all contact chickens, including those located in remote cages, which proves the ability of the virus to spread not only by the fecal–oral route but also by the aerosol route. That demonstrates a high level of pathogenicity and contagiousness of the isolated strain for chicken. However, mice intranasally infected with high doses of the virus did not die.

An Outbreak of Newcastle Disease Virus in the Moscow Region in the Summer of 2022

Pigeon paramyxovirus-1 (PPMV-1), a genetic variant of avian paramyxovirus-1 (APMV-1), has been identified in Columbiformes and is the primary cause of diseases in captive and free-ranging pigeons. However, it has also been reported that PPMV-1 can infect chickens naturally and experimentally, thus posing a potential threat to the poultry industry. This study investigated a lethal outbreak of paramyxovirus infection that occurred among 16 oriental turtle doves (Streptopelia orientalis) in a walk-in aviary at a zoo from March to April 2021. Necropsies were performed, and histopathological findings revealed mild to moderate lymphoplasmacytic infiltration in several organs, such as the pancreas, liver, kidneys, and lungs. Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) using formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue blocks, virus isolation from fresh tissue, and in situ hybridization against the fusion (F) protein confirmed the diagnosis for PPMV-1 infection. The isolated strain NTU/C239/21 was fully sequenced by next-generation sequencing, and the results of phylogenetic analyses revealed that the F protein of NTU/C239/21 shared 98.8% nucleotide sequence identity with Pigeon/Taiwan/AHRI121/2017, which was isolated from a feral pigeon in Taiwan. The present study is the first to identify PPMV-1 infection in Streptopelia orientalis and suggests that Streptopelia orientalis may also play an important role in spreading the infection, similar to pigeons in APMV-1 spreading. 

Isolation, full sequence analysis, and in situ hybridization of pigeon paramyxovirus-1 genotype VI.2.1.1.2.2 from oriental turtle doves (Streptopelia orientalis)

Abstract The majority of pigeon paramyxovirus type 1 (PPMV-1) strains are generally non-pathogenic to chickens; however, they can induce severe illness and high mortality rates in pigeons, leading to substantial economic repercussions. The genomes of 11 PPMV-1 isolates from deceased pigeons on meat pigeon farms during passive monitoring from 2009 to 2012 were sequenced and analyzed using polymerase chain reaction and phylogenetic analysis. The complete genome lengths of 11 isolates were approximately 15,192 nucleotides, displaying a consistent gene order of 3′-NP-P-M-F-HN-L-5′. ALL isolates exhibited the characteristic motif of 112RRQKRF117 at the fusion protein cleavage site, which is characteristic of velogenic Newcastle disease virus. Moreover, multiple mutations have been identified within the functional domains of the F and HN proteins, encompassing the fusion peptide, heptad repeat region, transmembrane domains, and neutralizing epitopes. Phylogenetic analysis based on sequences of the F gene unveiled that all isolates clustered within genotype VI in class II. Further classification identified at least two distinct sub-genotypes, with seven isolates classified as sub-genotype VI.2.1.1.2.2, whereas the others were classified as sub-genotype VI.2.1.1.2.1. This study suggests that both sub-genotypes were implicated in severe disease manifestation among meat pigeons, with sub-genotype VI.2.1.1.2.2 displaying an increasing prevalence among Shanghai’s meat pigeon population since 2011. These results emphasize the value of developing pigeon-specific vaccines and molecular diagnostic tools for monitoring and proactively managing potential PPMV-1 outbreaks. 

Molecular characteristics and phylogenetic analysis of pigeon paramyxovirus type 1 isolates from pigeon meat farms in Shanghai (2009–2012)

Newcastle disease virus (NDV) can infect more than 200 species of birds, and most reports have focused on poultry. The pathogenic ecology of NDV in wild birds remains largely unknown. Thus, an investigation of NDV in domestic wild birds and pigeons was conducted. Thirty-nine NDV strains were characterized from 3,549 oropharyngeal and cloacal swab samples collected from 2016 to 2019 in Guangxi, China. Among them, 3 NDV strains belonged to class I genotype 1.1.2, and 36 strains belonged to class II, including 6 strains belonging to genotype I, 1 strain belonging to genotype II, 4 strains belonging to genotype VI.2.1.1.2.1, 23 strains belonging to genotype VI.2.1.1.2.2, and 2 strains belonging to genotype XII. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that genotype VI NDVs circulate among multiple species of resident wild birds and may spread back to pigeons. In addition, resident wild birds are important for short-distance NDVs transmission. The prevalence of NDVs in wild birds indicates that more restrictive biosecurity measures and ongoing epidemiological investigations are needed. 

Analysis of Newcastle disease virus prevalence in wild birds reveals interhost transmission of genotype VI strains

Pigeon Newcastle disease, caused by pigeon paramyxovirus type 1 (PPMV-1), is a significant infectious disease in pigeons that can result in substantial mortality and poses a severe threat to the pigeon industry. Rapid and accurate onsite diagnosis of pigeon disease is crucial for timely diagnosis and the implementation of effective prevention and control measures. In this study, we established a rapid detection method for PPMV-1 based on recombinase-aided amplification (RAA) and CRISPR/Cas12a. The RAA primers target the conserved regions of the L gene for preamplification in clinical nucleic acid samples, followed by CRISPR/Cas12a detection of the target gene. Visualization could be achieved by combination with a lateral flow dipstick (LFD). This method demonstrated high specificity, showing no cross-reactivity with non-PPMV-1 samples. The sensitivity of the method assessed by fluorescence analysis reached 100 copy/µL, and when it was combined with an LFD, the sensitivity was 103 copies/µL. The constructed RAA-CRISPR/Cas12a-LFD visual detection method was applied to clinical sample testing and was found to enable rapid and accurate detection of swab samples and tissue specimens. Its sensitivity was consistent with the current gold standard, quantitative real-time PCR results. The RAA-CRISPR/Cas12a-LFD detection method we developed provides a novel approach for the rapid, simple, precise, and specific onsite diagnosis of pigeon Newcastle disease. 

RAA-CRISPR/Cas12a-mediated rapid, sensitive and on-site detection of Newcastle disease in pigeons

A molecular, epidemiological and pathogenicity analysis of pigeon paramyxovirus type 1 viruses isolated from live bird markets in China in 2014-2021.

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A molecular, epidemiological and pathogenicity analysis of pigeon paramyxovirus type 1 viruses isolated from live bird markets in China in 2014-2021.