Mathematical modeling and optimization of friction stir welding process parameters for armor-grade aluminium alloy

Microstructural evolution of 6061-T6 aluminum alloy in vortex- friction stir welding

Effects of tool rotation direction on microstructure and mechanical properties of 6061 aluminum alloy joints by the synergistically double-sided friction stir welding

Friction stir based welding, processing, extrusion and additive manufacturing

In this study, the microstructure and mechanical properties of Al0.45CoCrFeNiTix (x = 0, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1.0) high-entropy alloys were investigated. Various techniques including XRD, SEM, EBSD, and TEM were employed, along with hardness tests, compressive tests, and tensile tests conducted at room temperature. Our findings reveal that the alloy's microstructure changes from FCC + BCC to FCC + BCC + L21 phase as the Ti content increases. Specifically, the BCC content increases from 0.9 % to 62.3 %. This alteration in microstructure leads to a significant enhancement in the compressive yield strength of the alloy, from 305.96 MPa to 1492.53 MPa. The observed strengthening effect can be attributed to the increased BCC content and the formation of the L21 phase within the alloy. The results of the tensile experiments demonstrate that the Ti0.25 alloy exhibits the most favorable overall properties, possessing a yield strength of 619 MPa. This represents a significant increase of 64.6 % when compared to Ti0. The strengthening mechanism of the Al0.45CoCrFeNiTix high-entropy alloy is thoroughly discussed. The main strengthening mechanisms of the alloy system are fine grain strengthening, solid solution strengthening and second phase strengthening. This study achieves a balance between strength and ductility by modulating the phase composition of the alloy, laying the foundation for further development and research into the properties of the high-entropy alloys. 

Balancing the mechanical properties of Al0.45CoCrFeNiTix high-entropy alloys by tailoring titanium content

Al0.3CoCrFeNiTix (x = 0.025, 0.075, 0.15) high-entropy alloys (HEAs) were designed to investigate the impacts of Ti addition and the aging temperature (700–900 °C) on the mechanical properties of the alloys. The alloy aged at 700 °C with x = 0.15 yielded the highest ultimate tensile strength (UTS) and large fracture elongation at both room temperature and 700 °C. The UTS is 1299 MPa with fracture elongation up to 31.6% at room temperature, and 769 MPa with 32.5% at 700 °C. The product of strength and elongation of Al0·3CoCrFeNiTi0.15 is higher than the reported value of other similar FCC HEAs at elevated temperature. The reason for the outstanding balanced mechanical properties of the alloy is the uniformly distributed L12 and B2 particles. Ti promotes the precipitation of L12 phase and the precipitation temperature increased from 770 to 890 °C as Ti content increased. The amount of B2 phase reached a maximum at 900 °C with x = 0.15. The B2 particles at grain boundaries render the different variation tendency of ductility at 700 °C from that at room temperature. 

Balanced mechanical properties of Al0.3CoCrFeNiTix high-entropy alloys by tailoring Ti content and heat treatment

Vortex- friction stir welding (VFSW) utilizes a stir bar made of an identical material to the workpiece to rub the workpiece’s top surface, which avoids the keyhole defect in conventional friction stir welding. It presents great potential in the repair field of aluminum alloys. In this study, the effect of stir bar diameter, rotation speed, and welding speed on the weld formation was investigated in the VFSW of 6061-T6 aluminum alloy. The weld macrostructure, penetration, and mechanical properties were characterized. The results show that a large diameter of the stir bar can enhance the vortex material flow, increase the heat input, and eliminate the incomplete-penetration defect. The increase in rotation speed within limits can enhance the weld penetration and the mechanical properties of the weld nugget zone (WNZ). However, too high a rotation speed reduces the weld penetration and weakens the mechanical properties of the WNZ. The increase in welding speed reduces the weld penetration but enhances the mechanical properties of the heat affected zone. The incomplete-penetration defect significantly weakens the ductility of the VFSW joint. It can be eliminated by enlarging the stir bar diameter and choosing a moderate rotation speed and a lower welding speed.

https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1944/16/2/873/pdf?version=1674109729

Effect of Process Parameters on Weld Quality in Vortex- Friction Stir Welding of 6061-T6 Aluminum Alloy

Study on process characteristics of friction stir welding based on vortex material flow using 6061-T6 aluminum alloy

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Papers

Microstructural evolution of 6061-T6 aluminum alloy in vortex- friction stir welding

Balanced mechanical properties of Al0.3CoCrFeNiTix high-entropy alloys by tailoring Ti content and heat treatment

Effect of Process Parameters on Weld Quality in Vortex- Friction Stir Welding of 6061-T6 Aluminum Alloy

Study on process characteristics of friction stir welding based on vortex material flow using 6061-T6 aluminum alloy