Review of photovoltaic power forecasting

Review of modeling methods for HVAC systems

A new three-input dc-dc boost converter is proposed in this paper. The proposed converter interfaces two unidirectional input power ports and a bidirectional port for a storage element in a unified structure. This converter is interesting for hybridizing alternative energy sources such as photovoltaic (PV) source, fuel cell (FC) source, and battery. Supplying the output load, charging or discharging the battery can be made by the PV and the FC power sources individually or simultaneously. The proposed structure utilizes only four power switches that are independently controlled with four different duty ratios. Utilizing these duty ratios, tracking the maximum power of the PV source, setting the FC power, controlling the battery power, and regulating the output voltage are provided. Depending on utilization state of the battery, three different power operation modes are defined for the converter. In order to design the converter control system, small-signal model is obtained in each operation mode. Due to interactions of converter control loops, decoupling network is used to design separate closed-loop controllers. The validity of the proposed converter and its control performance are verified by simulation and experimental results for different operation conditions.

Modeling and Control of a New Three-Input DC–DC Boost Converter for Hybrid PV/FC/Battery Power System

The building sector is the largest energy consumer in the world. Therefore, it is economically, socially, and environmentally significant to reduce the energy consumption of buildings. Achieving substantial energy reduction in buildings may require rethinking the whole processes of design, construction, and operation of a building. This article focuses on the specific issue of advanced control system design for energy efficient buildings.

Predictive Control for Energy Efficient Buildings with Thermal Storage: Modeling, Stimulation, and Experiments

The appropriate application of advanced control strategies in Heating, Ventilation, and Air-conditioning (HVAC) systems is key to improving the energy efficiency of buildings. Significant advances have been made in the past decades on model development to provide better control over the energy consumption of system components while simultaneously ensuring a satisfactory indoor environment in terms of thermal comfort and indoor air quality. Yet it is an ongoing challenge to select and implement the best-suited modeling technique for improving the control strategy of HVAC systems. For the development of modeling research it is important that the building research community is informed about the role, application, merits, shortcomings and outcomes of different modeling techniques used in HVAC systems. Even though several review articles have been published on modeling techniques, the weaknesses and strengths of these modeling techniques, along with performances of developed models associated with research studies, have rarely been identified. This study presents a critical review of current modeling techniques used in HVAC systems regarding their applicability and ease of acceptance in practice and summarizes the strengths, weaknesses, applications and performance of these modeling techniques. Additionally, the performance and outcome of some of the developed models used in real world HVAC systems have been discussed. From the extensive critical review it is evident that almost every model has a major/minor shortcoming generated from assumptions, unmeasured disturbances or uncertainties in some system properties. This review aims at highlighting the shortcomings of existing application-based research on HVAC systems, and accordingly, recommendations are presented to improve the performance of building HVAC systems.

Modeling techniques used in building HVAC control systems: A review

In order to investigate the output characteristic of a proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) based on the electrical empirical model, a novel dynamic model of the PEMFC has been developed with MATLAB/Simulink, which is distinct from the models that have been published previously. By using a fuel cell test system of the Fuel Cell Application Centre (FAC) at Temasek Polytechnic, the transient electrical responses of PEMFC were conducted and analyzed under various operating conditions. A good match is found between simulation results and experimental data. The comprehensive results of simulation manifested that the model is effective and operational. This model will be very useful to optimize the structure design, improve the operation performance, and develop the real-time control system of PEMFC.

Modeling and Dynamic Characteristic Simulation of a Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell

A simplified modeling of cooling coils for control and optimization of HVAC systems

A simple dynamic model of cooling coil unit

Wind power has become one of the most attractive energy systems in several decades due to its rich wind power available and high turn back value than other types of renewable energy systems. The classical wind turbines are normally fixed pitch constant speed which have less power efficient and high dynamics loads that results in reducing life cycle of system. To overcome this disadvantage, modern generation of wind turbine with variable speed is now widely used. However, wind energy conversion system that includes complex combination of aero dynamics and electrical phenomena together with anonymous action of wind speed making control system sophisticated. Despite if a great deal of research has been focus on wind turbines in the literature. In this paper, we present advanced control algorithm Nonlinear Model Predictive Control (NMPC) regulating shaft speed to capture as much as possible power and keep it below maximum level at high wind speed. Because of the limitation of power electronics devices, the generation torque is also restricted below maximum value. All these constraints are naturally handled by NMPC algorithm which is promising control theory interested by many researchers resent years. The algorithm is validated by simulation and later is hardware realization of controller.

Nonlinear Model Predictive control (NMPC) of fixed pitch variable speed wind turbine

Wind turbine aerodynamics is known as a nonlinear and stochastic system; hence, a high-performance requirement of tight optimal regime tracking is beyond the capability of the conventional linear PI controller. On the other hand, the linear model of the nonlinear wind turbine aerodynamics at a specific operating point produces a mismatch between plant and model which is the main reason for reference tracking offset seen in a conventional predictive controller. This paper presents a new predictive control approach for variable speed wind turbines in order to guarantee maximum power captured under the rated wind speed. The proposed algorithm, offset-free predictive control (OF-PC), has been exploited to provide zero error tracking of the nonstationary optimal speed trajectory. The control scheme attempts to add additional output disturbance signals to the linear presentation of wind turbine aerodynamics together with an appropriate observer design to lump the plant-model mismatches and/or unmodeled disturbances. The simulation and experiment results demonstrate the effectiveness of the control method.

Offset-Free Predictive Control for Variable Speed Wind Turbines

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