Busseola fusca (Fuller) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) is a major pest of maize and sorghum in many countries of tropical Africa. Hitherto, research on this important pest has been hampered by the occurrence of a six-month long diapause in the last larval stage and the lack of an artificial diet for rearing the insect in the laboratory. Incorporating 4 to 8-week-old sorghum powder in a nutritionally adequate diet and rearing larvae individually in vials at ambient laboratory conditions (25–30 °C, 50–80% r.h., and L12: D12) have made it possible to rear 15 successive non-diapausing generations of B. fusca capable of producing between 35 to 40 healthy pupae/litre of diet and upto 70% pupation without loss of vigour or reproductive capacity. Five to six generations were completed per year and the overall mean developmental period (egg-egg) was 68 days (egg 6, larval 45, pre-pupal 1, pupal 14 and pre-oviposition 2 days). Larval period lasted 70 days in the first generation compared to 32.3 days in the fifteenth generation. Average fecundity increased from 158.0 to 394.6 eggs per female with a concomitant increase of egg hatch from 44.8 to 79.6% in the first and fifteenth generation, respectively.

Continuous rearing of the maize stem borer Busseola fusca on an artificial diet

The olive fly (OLF), Bactrocera oleae (Rossi), is an invasive tephritid fruit fly that causes extensive damage to olive crops around the world (especially in the Mediterranean basin and North America). Previous attempts to use the Sterile Insect Technique (SIT) for the OLF were not successful because of the inability to rear high quality OLF in the laboratory on an artificial diet. New improvements in rearing methods and additional understanding of the basic biology of the OLF have led to a renewal of interest in using SIT for OLF. This review discusses the history, difficulties, improvements and future directions of OLF mass-rearing. Issues include: the design of cages and oviposition substrates, cost and quality of artificial diets, maintenance of endosymbiotic microbiota, control of pathogenic microbes, collection of pupae, the fitness of adults, and the competitiveness of sterilized laboratory males released to the field.

/pdf/a-basis-for-the-renewal-of-sterile-insect-technique-for-the-1rfj3c7db1.pdf

A basis for the renewal of sterile insect technique for the olive fly, Bactrocera oleae (Rossi)

Bactrocera oleae is the major insect pest of the olive fruit. Twelve microsatellite loci isolated from the genome of this insect were used in a Mediterranean-wide population analysis. These loci were highly polymorphic with a mean number of alleles per locus of 10.42 and a mean effective number of alleles of 2.76. The analysis was performed on a sample of 671 flies collected from nineteen locations around the European part of the Mediterranean basin. Despite the high level of gene flow across the Mediterranean, results support the notion of a differentiation of three subpopulations: one of the Iberian Peninsula, one of Greece and Italy and one of Cyprus. In addition, the gradual decrease of heterozygosity from the Eastern to the Western part of the Mediterranean indicates a westward expansion of the species.

Microsatellite Analysis of Olive Fly Populations in the Mediterranean Indicates a Westward Expansion of the Species

Early attempts to apply the SIT on the olive fly, Bactrocera oleae, were unsuccessful, mainly due to the low competitiveness of the sterile mass-reared males compared with the wild ones. Recently, new efforts are underway in Israel to develop a vigorous and efficient mass-reared olive fly laboratory strain. To understand the genetics of the adaptation process and possibly link the corresponding loss of competitiveness to genetic markers, we followed the fluctuation of genotypic frequencies of ten microsatellite markers during the course of 22 generations of the colonization of a wild Israeli population in laboratory conditions. Effective and observed allele number is halved after 11 generations, so is mean heterozygosity. Practically, there is very little change between F0 and F1, there are substantial changes between F1 and F2–F5, and there is a virtual complete adaptation to the new laboratory environment by F11, because no more changes are observed between F11 and F22. If we assume that the loss of allele number and heterozygosity also reflects the loss of the ‘wild’ character of the colonized strain and, possibly, the loss of a substantial part of its natural vigour, our results indicate that there is an apparent need to refresh a mass-reared colony with wild material at about every five to eight generations. Furthermore, simulation models indicated that while most of the observed allele frequency fluctuations were due to random drift, some alleles were probably under selection.

Genetic changes during laboratory domestication of an olive fly SIT strain

Four wild Spanish populations of Bactrocera oleae (Gmelin) (Dipt., Tephritidae) were studied by gel electrophoresis, in order to find out their population genetic structure and the relative importance of gene flow in that structure. A great amount of genetic variability was observed. In terms of the pattern of the genetic variability in our populations, the most, noticeable characteristics were the similarity of the configuration of allelic frequencies from locality to locality, the existence of exceptions and quantitative differences within that similarity, and the heterogeneity among the variable loci. Gene flow estimated from Wright's method gave a value of Nm = 8.9. However, the F ST statistic in three of the loci ranged from 0.0451 to 0.0620 indicating a substantial degree of differentiation among populations (P < 0.001). The present observations seem to support the hypothesis that although gene flow could be high (Nm = 8.9), natural' selection, probably due to agricultural practices, may be the major factor responsible for the pattern of the genetic variability observed in B. oleae.

Genetic population structure in olive fly Bactrocera oleae (Gmelin): gene flow and patterns of geographic differentiation

Allozyme frequencies at 10 loci were scored during the first six generations of a laboratory colony of the olive fruit fly, Dacus oleae (Gmelin), reared on artificial substrate. Profound changes were observed at two enzyme loci, 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (6-PGD) and alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH). Less striking but still significant changes were detected at a third locus, hexokinase (HK). These changes are clearly caused by selection. Smaller changes were detected at the other loci and these can be attributed to either selection or random drift. The allelic frequencies at all loci in two older laboratory colonies maintained under similar conditions were very similar to those obtained in the new colony after only four generations of artificial rearing. We conclude that artificial rearing induces intense selection pressures on a large fraction of the genetic polymorphisms present in natural populations of the insect. As a result, laboratory colonies undergo rapid genetic differentiation, which may provide the basis for several important physiological and behavioral differences between laboratory-reared and wild flies. The findings suggest that allozyme monitoring could provide a useful tool for assessing the quality of laboratory-reared insects.

Genetic changes in artificially reared colonies of the olive fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae).

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Genetic changes in artificially reared colonies of the olive fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae).