Heavy metals (HMs) like Zn, Cu, Pb, Ni, Cd, and Hg, among others, play a role in several environmental problems. The marine environment is polluted by several contaminants, such as HMs. A variety of physico-chemical methods usually available for sanitation HMs remediation suffer from either limitation. Bioremediation is a promising way of dealing with HMs pollution. Microbes have the ability with various potencies to resist HMs tension. The current review discusses the main sources and influences of HMs, the role of marine microorganisms in HMs bioremediation, as well as the microbial mechanisms for HMs detoxification and transformation. This review paper aims to provide an overview of the bioremediation technologies that are currently available for the removal of HMs ions from industrial and urban effluent by aquatic organisms such as bacteria, fungi, and microalgae, particularly those that are isolated from marine areas. The primary goals are to outline various studies and offer helpful information about the most important aspects of the bioelimination techniques. The biotreatment practices have been primarily divided into three techniques based on this topic. They are biosorption, bioaccumulation, bioleaching, and biotransformation. This article gives the brief view on the research studies about bioremediation of HMs using marine microorganisms. The current review also deals with the critical issues and recent studies based on the HMs biodetoxification using aquatic microorganisms. 

Bioremediation of hazardous heavy metals by marine microorganisms: a recent review

Rare earth elements (REEs) are essential for advanced manufacturing (e.g., renewable energy, military equipment, electric vehicles); hence, the recovery of REEs from low-grade resources has become increasingly important to address their growing demand. Depending on specific mining sites, its geological conditions, and sociodemographic backgrounds, mining waste has been identified as a source of REEs in various concentrations and abundance. Yttrium, cerium, and neodymium are the most common REEs in mining waste streams (50 to 300 μg/L). Biomining has emerged as a viable option for REEs recovery due to its reduced environmental impact, along with reduced capital investment compared to traditional recovery methods. This paper aims to review (i) the characteristics of mining waste as a low-grade REEs resource, (ii) the key operating principles of biomining technologies for REEs recovery, (iii) the effects of operating conditions and matrix on REEs recovery, and (iv) the sustainability of REEs recovery through biomining technologies. Six types of biomining will be examined in this review: bioleaching, bioweathering, biosorption, bioaccumulation, bioprecipitation and bioflotation. Based on a SWOT analyses and techno-economic assessments (TEA), biomining technologies have been found to be effective and efficient in recovering REEs from low-grade sources. Through TEA, coal ash has been shown to return the highest profit amongst mining waste streams. 

Biomining for sustainable recovery of rare earth elements from mining waste: A comprehensive review.

Bioleaching exhibits high potential for the processing of low-grade complex mineral resources. With the development of the economy and an increase in demand, rare earth elements (REEs) in secondary resources, such as phosphogypsum, red mud and coal-related resources, are gaining more and more attention. In this review, the bioleaching performance of diverse microorganisms is summarized and compared for primary (mainly monazite) and secondary REE resources, based on publications from the past decade. The mineral characteristics of these REE resources are different, as they can be found in phosphate, sulfate, or silicate forms. Correspondingly, microbial species suitable for use in bioleaching differ. The most efficient bioleaching microbe for monazite is Paecilomyces sp., while Acidianus manzaensis is effective in processing red mud. Acidophilic sulfur oxidizers are suitable for processing acidic phosphogypsum. Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans could recover a significant amount of REEs from coal fly ash. In particular, monazite has a high REE content but extremely low bioleaching efficiency compared to that of secondary resources, supporting the understanding that bioleaching approaches are more competitive for minerals with low REE contents. Overall, great progress has been made over the last decade, as considerable REE recovery rates have been achieved, and the main metabolites of microbes were identified. However, numerous challenges still exist. Future efforts should focus on improving biorecovery efficiency, reducing the cost of cell-culture media, and exploring the interaction mechanism between cells and minerals, with an emphasis on mineralogical phase transformations and the molecular regulation mechanisms inside cells during the bioleaching process.

Bioleaching of Rare Earth Elements: Perspectives from Mineral Characteristics and Microbial Species

The leaching of minerals is one of the main unit operations in the metal dissolution process, and in turn it is a process that generates fewer environmental liabilities compared to pyrometallurgical processes. As an alternative to conventional leaching methods, the use of microorganisms in mineral treatment processes has become widespread in recent decades, due to advantages such as the non-production of emissions or pollution, energy savings, low process costs, products compatible with the environment, and increases in the benefit of low-grade mining deposits. The purpose of this work is to introduce the theoretical foundations associated with modeling the process of bioleaching, mainly the modeling of mineral recovery rates. The different models are collected from models based on conventional leaching dynamics modeling, based on the shrinking core model, where the oxidation process is controlled by diffusion, chemically, or by film diffusion until bioleaching models based on statistical analysis are presented, such as the surface response methodology or the application of machine learning algorithms. Although bioleaching modeling (independent of modeling techniques) of industrial (or large-scale mined) minerals is a fairly developed area, bioleaching modeling applied to rare earth elements is a field with great growth potential in the coming years, as in general bioleaching has the potential to be a more sustainable and environmentally friendly mining method than traditional mining methods.

https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1944/16/10/3812/pdf?version=1684395028

Bioleaching Modeling—A Review

The rare earth elements (REEs) extraction by chemical leaching from ion-adsorption type rare earth ores (IAREO) has led to serious ecological and environmental risks. Conversely, demand of bioleaching is on the rise with the advantage of being environmental-friendly. As one of the organic acids produced by biological metabolism, citric acid was used to leach RE and explore the performance and process. The results demonstrate that citric acid exhibits higher leaching efficiency (96.00%) for REEs at relatively low concentration of 0.01 mol/L compared with (NH4)2SO4 (84.29%, 0.1 mol/L) and MgSO4 (83.99%, 0.1 mol/L). Citric acid shows a preference for leaching heavy rare earth elements, with 99% leaching efficiency in IAREO, which shows higher capacity than (NH4)2SO4 and MgSO4 (as inorganic leaching agents). Kinetic analysis indicates that the leaching process of REEs with citric acid is controlled by both the internal diffusion kinetics and chemical reaction kinetics, which is different with inorganic leaching agent. Visual Minteq calculations confirm that RE-Citrate are the main constituents of extract solution in the leaching process of the IAREO, thereby enhancing the leaching efficiency of REEs from the IAREO. It suggests that citric acid may be used as a promising organic leaching agent for the environmental-friendly extraction of REEs from IAREO. 

Insight into leaching rare earth from ion-adsorption type rare earth ores with citric acid: Performance, kinetic analysis and differentiation leaching

Phosphate rock containing rare‐earth elements (REEs) is considered one of the most promising potential secondary sources of REEs, as evidenced by large tonnages of phosphate rock mined annually. The bioleaching of REEs from phosphate rock using Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans was done for the first time in this study, and it was found to be greater than abiotic leaching and was more environmentally friendly. The result showed that the total leaching rate of REEs in phosphate rock was 28·46% under the condition of 1% pulp concentration and pH = 2, and the leaching rates of four key rare earths, Y, La, Ce and Nd, were 35·7, 37·03, 27·92 and 32·53% respectively. The bioleaching process was found to be accomplished by bacterial contact and Fe2+ oxidation. The blank control group which contained Fe2+ was able to leach some of the rare earths, indicating that the oxidation of Fe2+ may affect the leaching of rare earths. X‐ray diffraction analysis showed that the minerals were significantly altered and the intensity of the diffraction peaks of dolomite and apatite decreased significantly after microbial action compared to the blank control, and it was observed that bacteria adhere to the mineral surface and the minerals become smooth and angular after bioleaching by scanning electron microscope, indicating that bacteria have a further effect on the rock based on Fe2+ oxidation. Finally, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and three‐dimensional excitation‐emission matrix fluorescence spectra analysis showed that extracellular polymeric substances participate in the bioleaching process.

Bioleaching of rare‐earth elements from phosphate rock using Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans

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Bioleaching of rare‐earth elements from phosphate rock using Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans