Optical fibre sensors (OFS), as a result of their unique properties such as small size, no interference with electromagnetic radiation, high sensitivity and the ability to design multiplexed or distributed sensing systems, have found applications ranging from structural health monitoring to biomedical and point of care instrumentation. While the former represents the main commercial application for OFS, there is body of literature concerning the deployment of this versatile sensing platform in healthcare. This paper reviews the different types of OFS and their most recent applications in healthcare. It aims to help clinicians to better understand OFS technology and also provides an overview of the challenges involved in the deployment of developed technology in healthcare. Examples of the application of OFS in healthcare are discussed with particular emphasis on recently (2015–2017) published works to avoid replicating recent review papers. The majority of the work on the development of biomedical OFS stops at the laboratory stage and, with a few exceptions, is not explored in healthcare settings. OFSs have yet to fulfil their great potential in healthcare and methods of increasing the adoption of medical devices based on optical fibres are discussed. It is important to consider these factors early in the device development process for successful translation of the developed sensors to healthcare practice.

https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/2040-8986/aac68d/pdf

Biomedical application of optical fibre sensors

A new distributed strain sensing technique using a fiber optic Bragg grating has been developed and tested. This is the first `true' distributed strain sensor, to the authors' knowledge, with a high spatial resolution of about 1 mm. Since gratings can be made with a length of tens of centimeters, this new fiber optic measurement technique could have broad applications to smart materials and structures where monitoring of a continuous strain profile over a length of millimeters to tens of centimeters is needed. In this paper three different demodulation approaches are reviewed indicating a trade-off between a relatively simple measurement process for selected types of strain profile and a more complete measurement process that is suitable for any strain profile. Experimental results with different approaches are presented.

https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/0964-1726/7/2/012/pdf

Continuous arbitrary strain profile measurements with fiber Bragg gratings

In this paper, the pressure response of fiber Bragg gratings in grapefruit microstructured fibers was experimentally investigated and theoretically analyzed with full-vector finite element method. The theoretical calculation agrees well with the experimental results. The pressure changes the refractive index and induces axial strain of the fiber. The radial pressure induces positive strain, but axial pressure induces negative strain. The negative strain dominates. The existence of large air holes make grapefruit microstructured fibers experience larger negative strain than standard single-mode fiber, therefore fiber Bragg gratings in grapefruit microstructured fibers have larger pressure sensitivity than that in SMF.

Characterization of Pressure Response of Bragg Gratings in Grapefruit Microstructured Fibers

This paper presents the design and development of an optical fiber Bragg grating based displacement sensor. A fiber Bragg grating is glued at a slant orientation onto the lateral side of a specially designed cantilever beam. It is found that the bandwidth of the FBG based sensor changes linearly with the variation of the displacement at the free end of the beam due to the displacement-induced strain gradient. Displacement sensing is realized by measuring the reflected optical power of the signal from the grating with a photodetector. A linear response of 37.9 mV mm−1 was obtained within a displacement range of 9.0 mm. This sensor is also cost-effective due to the use of a simple demodulation method and is inherently temperature insensitive, eliminating the need for temperature compensation.

http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/0964-1726/14/2/N01/pdf

A novel temperature-insensitive fiber Bragg grating sensor for displacement measurement

A novel tilt sensor with three fiber Bragg gratings (FBGs) has been demonstrated. It can detect the magnitude as well as the direction of the inclination from the horizontal direction by measuring the reflected optical powers of the FBGs, whose bandwidths vary with the inclination, directly. The experimental results show that it is insensitive to temperature. The measurement accuracy of /spl plusmn/0.13/spl deg/ and resolution of 0.02/spl deg/ have been achieved.

Temperature-insensitive tilt sensor with strain-chirped fiber Bragg gratings

A fibre optic sensor for monitoring high pressures, using an in-fibre grating, has been constructed. The method involves tracking the wavelength of peak reflection from an in-fibre grating as it is pressurised. Experimental trials, under the influence of hydraulic pressure, have been carried out and a wavelength shift of 0.22 nm at 70 MPa pressure was observed. The sensor should be an attractive choice for ultra-high pressure monitoring

Optical fibre sensor for high pressure measurement using an in-fibre grating

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Optical fibre sensor for high pressure measurement using an in-fibre grating