Advanced electrospun AgNPs/rGO/PEDOT:PSS/TPU nanofiber electrodes: Stretchable, self-healing, and perspiration-resistant wearable devices for enhanced ECG and EMG monitoring

Abstract A lightweight flexible thermally stable composite is fabricated by combining silica nanofiber membranes (SNM) with MXene@c-MWCNT hybrid film. The flexible SNM with outstanding thermal insulation are prepared from tetraethyl orthosilicate hydrolysis and condensation by electrospinning and high-temperature calcination; the MXene@c-MWCNT x:y films are prepared by vacuum filtration technology. In particular, the SNM and MXene@c-MWCNT 6:4 as one unit layer (SMC 1 ) are bonded together with 5 wt% polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) solution, which exhibits low thermal conductivity (0.066 W m −1 K −1 ) and good electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding performance (average EMI SE T , 37.8 dB). With the increase in functional unit layer, the overall thermal insulation performance of the whole composite film (SMC x ) remains stable, and EMI shielding performance is greatly improved, especially for SMC 3 with three unit layers, the average EMI SE T is as high as 55.4 dB. In addition, the organic combination of rigid SNM and tough MXene@c-MWCNT 6:4 makes SMC x exhibit good mechanical tensile strength. Importantly, SMC x exhibit stable EMI shielding and excellent thermal insulation even in extreme heat and cold environment. Therefore, this work provides a novel design idea and important reference value for EMI shielding and thermal insulation components used in extreme environmental protection equipment in the future. 

MXene@c-MWCNT Adhesive Silica Nanofiber Membranes Enhancing Electromagnetic Interference Shielding and Thermal Insulation Performance in Extreme Environments.

While wearable self-powered electronic devices have shown promising improvements, substantial challenges persist in enhancing their electrical output and structural performance. In this work, a working mechanism involving simultaneous piezoelectric and triboelectric conversion within a monolayer-structured membrane is proposed. Single-layer binary fiber nanocomposite membranes (SBFNMs) (PVDF/CNTX@PAN/CNTX, DPCPCX) with two distinct interpenetrating nanocomposite fibers were created through co-electrospinning, incorporating multiwalled carbon nanotubes (CNTs) into polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) and polyacrylonitrile (PAN), respectively. The resulting membrane demonstrated an exceptional synergistic effect of piezoelectricity and triboelectricity along with a high machine-to-electric conversion capability. The addition of CNTs increased the PVDF β-phase and the PAN planar zigzag conformation. As a result, the DPCPC0.5-SBFNMs-based piezoelectric nanogenerator exhibited excellent electrical output (187 V, 8.0 μA, and 1.52 W m–2), maintaining an exceptionally high level of output voltage compared with other piezoelectric nanogenerators. It successfully illuminated 50 commercial light-emitting diodes simultaneously. The output voltage of DPCPC0.5-SBFNMs was 5.1 and 4.6 times higher than that of PAN or PVDF single-fiber membranes, respectively. Furthermore, the peak voltage of DPCPC0.5-SBFNMs exceeded that of co-electrospinning PVDF/CNT1.0@PAN (DPCP1.0) and PVDF@PAN/CNT1.0 (DPPC1.0) by 20 and 10 V, respectively. The piezoelectric sensor made of DPCPC0.5-SBFNMs accurately sensed human movement, ranging from tiny to large, and demonstrated utility as an alarm in medical treatment, fire fighting, and monitoring. Endogenous triboelectricity is proposed in SBFNM piezoelectric materials, enhancing electromechanical conversion and electrical output capacity, thereby promising a wide application potential in self-powered wearable electronic devices. 

Improved Energy Harvesting Ability of Single-Layer Binary Fiber Nanocomposite Membrane for Multifunctional Wearable Hybrid Piezoelectric and Triboelectric Nanogenerator and Self-Powered Sensors.

With the rapid development of portable electronic products, smart wearable devices show great application potential in personalized motion monitoring, health monitoring and even in human-machine interaction. In particular, high-performance flexible fiber-shaped strain sensors are receiving more and more attention because they can be well integrated with clothes or human skin for real-time human activities monitoring. However, achieving improved sensitivity, wide detection range, diverse applications and easy operation of them remains a challenge. Here, we adopt a simple wet-spinning technique to prepare a porous fiber-shaped carbon nanotubes (CNTs)/silver nanoparticles (AgNPs)/thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) fiber (CATF) for high-performance strain sensor, of which the synergistic conductive network of CNTs and AgNPs enables a wide detection range (∼248 %), high sensitivity (GF > 4295), fast response/recovery time (120 ms/140 ms) and excellent stability. Interestingly, strain sensing range and sensitivity of the sensor can be tuned by changing the AgNPs loading to make it suitable for different application scenarios. All the merits of the sensor make it capable for diverse human movements monitoring, pronunciation recognition, and gesture recognition. More importantly, our prepared CATF strain sensor can be easily weaved into wearable smart textiles, showing great potential for tactile sensing to realize multi-touch and pressure tracking. Finally, the CATF also displays efficient photothermal conversion capability even under different tensile strains up to 150 %, showing great potential in human body thermal management to improve the wearing comfort of wearable electronic fabric. 

Tunable porous fiber-shaped strain sensor with synergistic conductive network for human motion recognition and tactile sensing

An overview of polylactic acid (PLA) nanocomposites for sensors

A unique, flexible, and porous pressure sensor with enhanced sensitivity and durability by synergy of surface microstructure and supercritical fluid foaming

Developing strain sensors with wide detection range and high sensitivity at a low conductive nanofillers content still faces challenges. Herein, thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU)/multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) nanocomposite foams with a multilayer alternating and bimodal cell structure is prepared by stacking hot pressing and supercritical carbon dioxide batch foaming process. Consequently, the synergistic effect of sandwich-like and bimodal cell structure endows the foam sensor of FTPU-C3-L10 T80P10 (TPU/3 wt%MWCNTs nanocomposite foams with ten layers alternating structure foamed at 80 ℃ and 10 MPa) 0.34 vol% MWCNTs loading, broad response range of 0–150 %, high sensitivity with a gauge factor (GF) of 101, fast response speed of 180 ms, as well as cyclic reproducibility and durability of 1000 cycles. Furthermore, the fabricated foam sensor can effectively monitor basic human motion from tiny to large. This work provides a facile strategy for designing and producing strain sensors applied in various fields, including human motion detection, artificial intelligence devices, and medical diagnosis. 

Lightweight, porous, stretchable nanocomposite foams with sandwich-like and bimodal cell structure by supercritical fluids-assisted processing for flexible strain sensor

Durable washable wearable antibacterial thermoplastic polyurethane/carbon nanotube@silver nanoparticles electrospun membrane strain sensors by multi-conductive network

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A unique, flexible, and porous pressure sensor with enhanced sensitivity and durability by synergy of surface microstructure and supercritical fluid foaming

Lightweight, porous, stretchable nanocomposite foams with sandwich-like and bimodal cell structure by supercritical fluids-assisted processing for flexible strain sensor

Durable washable wearable antibacterial thermoplastic polyurethane/carbon nanotube@silver nanoparticles electrospun membrane strain sensors by multi-conductive network