In this article we explore the relationships between urban form and air pollution among 86 U.S. metropolitan areas. Urban form was quantified using preexisting sprawl indexes and spatial metrics applied to remotely sensed land cover data. Air pollution data included the nonpoint source emission of the ozone (O3) precursors nitrogen oxides (NOx) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs), the concentration of O3, the concentration and nonpoint source emission of fine particulate matter (PM2.5), and the emission of carbon dioxide (CO2) from on-road sources. Metropolitan areas that exhibited higher levels of urban sprawl, or sprawl-like urban morphologies, generally exhibited higher concentrations and emissions of air pollution and CO2 when controlling for population, land area, and climate.

Urban Form, Air Pollution, and CO2 Emissions in Large U.S. Metropolitan Areas

Individual exposure estimates may be erroneous when spatiotemporal variability of air pollution and human mobility are ignored

Relationships between synoptic-scale atmospheric circulation and ozone concentrations in Metropolitan Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania

The ozone concentration near the earth's surface has been measured at some stations in the GDR for more than 30 yr using the wet chemical method. Even at rural stations the ozone data show a significant linear increase by about 1–3% yr−1. The ozone increase being stronger in summer than in winter is assumed to be due to photochemical ozone production from increasing anthropogenic emissions of trace gases that are transported over long distances. A weaker ozone increase by only about 0.2% per year was observed in the free troposphere (5.5 km) from balloon-soundings at Lindenberg within the period 1975–1984. If the ozone trends continue, the ozone concentration near the surface and its seasonal amplitude will have doubled around the turn of the century as compared to the mid-fifties.

Long-term measurements of surface ozone in the German Democratic Republic

Ozone deposition onto a deciduous forest during dry and wet conditions

Photochemical air pollution was studied in the lower Great Lakes region of southern Ontario, Canada, using O3 data for 1973–76 inclusive. High O3 concentrations in the boundary layer are correlated primarily with the several meteorological variables in warm seasons: pressure, temperature, radiation, wind speed and direction. Fluctuations of O3 are highly dependent on the synoptic-, regional- and small-scale air flows at low levels. In general, O3 concentrations were observed to increase when the ridge of a surface anticyclone was passing over the region. Relatively high values (>80 ppb) were observed on the rear sides of high pressure centers and in the warm sectors of cyclones (well ahead of cold fronts). In turn, high concentrations of surface O3 usually occurred during periods of high temperature with southerly and/or southwesterly airflows. After the passage of a cold front, when strong north-northwest flows developed in the low levels (e.g., at the forward side of a “new” anticyclone with ge...

Ground-Level Ozone and Regional Transport of Air Pollutants.

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Ground-Level Ozone and Regional Transport of Air Pollutants.