This paper presents a unique and efficient artificial neural network (ANN) based fault detection, classification and location on part of the Nigerian 132kV transmission line. The objective is to evaluate the performance of ANN based relays connected at both ends of the lines using feed-forward non-linear supervised back propagation algorithm with Levenberg-marguardt network topology. Using the PSCAD/EMTP software, the faults from both ends of the transmission lines are generated and fed into that same line using two different 132kV voltage sources with several variations of fault inception angle, location and resistance. The faults currents are then extracted, processed and divided into training and testing data using MATLAB software. The results obtained from the simulations are validated using real-data extracted from microprocessor based relay connected to Aba-Umuahia 132kVtransmission line. The results demonstrate the ability of ANN to correctly identify, classify and localize an actual fault occurring on that transmission line with high accuracy.

Artificial neural network technique for transmission line protection on Nigerian power system

This paper focuses on the most critical task in monitoring and control of power systems: converting data to knowledge that will facilitate control action. With expansion of smart grids, which assume wide dissemination of intelligent electronic devices (IEDs) in substations supported by extensive communications, data associated with power system events becomes abundant. The fact that new data of better quality than before exists in smart grids does not assure that better decision making will be possible. In order to convert data to actionable knowledge, certain processing needs to be performed. This processing is referred to as Translational Knowledge, i.e., the knowledge that allows transition from data collection to action. This concept is illustrated through several applications such as fault locating, alarm processing, and protective relaying.

/pdf/translational-knowledge-from-collecting-data-to-making-20xmcviung.pdf

Translational Knowledge: From Collecting Data to Making Decisions in a Smart Grid

Precise fault location (FL) is definitely important for fast fault clearance and restoration of energy transmission. The single-terminal FL is mostly met in applications because of its easy implementation, but the accuracies of all-type impedance FL algorithms are not good because of the effects of fault resistance and variation of an opposite terminal equivalent system impedance. The recently developed and assembled FL algorithm presented in this study, combining the stability of the impedance FL and precision of the travelling waves FL, is an expected good solution. However, the key point to achieve accurate FL is to naturally couple these two algorithms. As is known, the distributed parameters model is also the research base of these two algorithms. Hence, the impedance FL algorithm in line with distributed parameters is proposed in this study. It is achieved on the discovery that the negative sequence current at relay location maintains precisely the same phase to the voltage at fault point. The proposed algorithm is immune to shunt capacitance because of modelling with distributed parameters, and is not disturbed by ground resistance when calculated at zero-crossing moment of voltage at fault point. Simulations and tests prove its good performance.

https://ietresearch.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1049/iet-gtd.2012.0379

Novel location algorithm for single-line-to-ground faults in transmission line with distributed parameters

Line protection based on the differential equation algorithm using mutual coupling

—The work presented in this article addresses the problems encountered by the conventional digital distance relay used for the protection of transmission lines fed from one end. To observe its behavior during a high-resistance single line-to-ground fault, a laboratory prototype of a three-phase transmission line using equivalent power system components has been developed by the authors. Thereafter, a new digital distance relaying algorithm is presented for the compensation of errors produced by the conventional digital distance relay during a high-resistance single line-to-ground fault. The proposed algorithm is based on digital computation of impedance, which uses symmetrical components of three-phase currents and voltages measured at the local end only. The proposed algorithm has been tested using MATLAB/SIMULINK (The MathWorks, Natick, Massachusetts, USA) software for a single line-to-ground fault considering wide variations in fault resistance, fault location, power factor, and short-circuit c...

Distance Relaying Algorithm for a Line-to-ground Fault on Single Infeed Lines

An improved symmetrical component-based method is proposed in the paper. The proposed method uses phasor estimates of voltage and current samples obtained from both ends of a transmission line. The mathematical basis of the new approach is described. It is shown that the new method completely obviates complex arithmetic operations and has considerable computational advantages over the previously proposed methods. Furthermore, performance assessment studies on this new method using the alternative transient program (ATP) are presented and discussed. It is illustrated that the proposed method can determine the fault location very accurately and is likely to be used for digital distance protection and fault location.

Improved symmetrical component-based fault distance estimation for digital distance protection

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Improved symmetrical component-based fault distance estimation for digital distance protection