Primers are used to reliably initiate a secondary explosive in a wide range of industrial and defence applications. However, established primer technologies pose both direct and indirect risks to health and safety. This review analyses a new generation of primer materials and ignition control mechanisms that have been developed to address these risks in firearms. Electrically or optically initiated metal, oxide and semiconductor-based devices show promise as alternatives for heavy metal percussive primers. The prospects for wider use of low-cost, safe, reliable and non-toxic primers are discussed in view of these developments.

https://www.mdpi.com/2227-7080/7/4/75/pdf

Towards Safer Primers: A Review

Experimental research was carried out under the stimulation of 10 μF tantalum capacitor discharge, to obtain the ignition characteristics of micro-energy semiconductor bridges (SCB) with different ignition compositions. Meanwhile, the critical ignition voltages of different pyrotechnics were tested by the Neyer-D optimal sensitivity test method. The results reveal that SCBs with multiple ignition compositions are entirely different in ignition voltage and current signal. These five kinds of pyrotechnics in ascending order of firing sensitivity are: refined lead styphnate, neutral lead styphnate, basic lead styphnate, zirconium/potassium chlorate, and lastly lead azide, while lead ferrocyanide/potassium perchlorate and boron/potassium nitrate are relatively insensitive to SCB.

Ignition Characteristics of Micro‐Energy Semiconductor Bridges with Different Ignition Compositions

Investigation on heat transfer mechanism of semiconductor bridge ignition based on thermoelectric coupling analysis

Measurement of Plasma Characteristic Parameters of Copper Foil Explosion using Interferometry

Investigation on Heat Transfer Mechanism of Semiconductor Bridge Ignition Based on Thermoelectric Coupling Analysis

The damage characteristics of a typical semiconductor bridge and a microsemiconductor bridge under the action of an electrostatic discharge are studied in experiments, which include semiconductor film shape measurement, resistance fluctuate evaluation, ignition characteristics, and invalidation threshold voltage measurement. The effect of multiple discharging on the bridge state is also discussed.

Investigations on the ignition characteristics of a semiconductor bridge with an electrostatic discharge

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Investigations on the ignition characteristics of a semiconductor bridge with an electrostatic discharge