Pathology and pathogenesis of Vibrio infection in fish: A review

Largemouth bass is an important commercially farmed fish in China, but the rapid expansion of its breeding has resulted in increased incidence of diseases caused by bacteria, viruses and parasites. In this study, moribund largemouth bass containing ulcer foci on body surfaces indicated the most likely pathogens were iridovirus and rhabdovirus members and this was confirmed using a combination of immunohistochemistry, cell culture, electron microscopy and conserved gene sequence analysis. We identified that these fish had been co-infected with these viruses. We observed bullet-shaped virions (100–140 nm long and 50–100 nm in diameter) along with hexagonal virions with 140 nm diameters in cell culture inoculated with tissue homogenates. The viruses were plaque purified and a comparison of the highly conserved regions of the genome of these viruses indicated that they are most similar to largemouth bass virus (LMBV) and hybrid snakehead rhabdovirus (HSHRV), respectively. Regression infection experiments indicated fish mortalities for LMBV-FS2021 and HSHRV-MS2021 were 86.7 and 11.1%, respectively. While co-infection resulted in 93.3% mortality that was significantly (p < 0.05) higher than the single infections even though the viral loads differed by >100-fold. Overall, we simultaneously isolated and identified LMBV and a HSHRV-like virus from diseased largemouth bass, and our results can provide novel ideas for the prevention and treatment of combined virus infection especially in largemouth bass.

https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4915/14/8/1643/pdf?version=1659680829

Simultaneous Isolation and Identification of Largemouth Bass Virus and Rhabdovirus from Moribund Largemouth Bass (Micropterus salmoides)

A concise review on advancement of Micropterus salmoides rhabdovirus (MSRV): Current status and challenges

Largemouth bass ranavirus (LMBV) belongs to the Ranavirus genus of the Iridoviridae family and can infect numerous species of Percidae, such as largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides), smallmouth bass (Micropterus dolomieu) and bluegill (Lepomis macrochirus). This virus is causing significant harmful and influential effects on both wild and farmed largemouth bass in North America, Europe and Asia, leading to serious economic losses in the aquaculture industry. Accordingly, this virus has become the focus of a significant body of research. Herein, we provide an overview of the latest research progress relating to LMBV by considering viral discovery, biological characteristics, taxonomic status, morphological characteristics, pathogenicity, detection and diagnostic technologies, prevention and control measures. This information will promote an enhanced understanding of the pathogenic mechanisms of LMBV and will benefit virological research so that we can develop effective control measures for this disease. 

Largemouth bass ranavirus: Current status and research progression

Aquaculture has expanded to become the fastest growing food-producing sector in the world. However, its expansion has come under threat due to an increase in diseases caused by pathogens such as iridoviruses commonly found in aquatic environments used for fish farming. Of the seven members belonging to the family Iridoviridae, the three genera causing diseases in fish comprise ranaviruses, lymphocystiviruses and megalocytiviruses. These three genera are serious impediments to the expansion of global aquaculture because of their tropism for a wide range of farmed-fish species in which they cause high mortality. As economic losses caused by these iridoviruses in aquaculture continue to rise, the urgent need for effective control strategies increases. As a consequence, these viruses have attracted a lot of research interest in recent years. The functional role of some of the genes that form the structure of iridoviruses has not been elucidated. There is a lack of information on the predisposing factors leading to iridovirus infections in fish, an absence of information on the risk factors leading to disease outbreaks, and a lack of data on the chemical and physical properties of iridoviruses needed for the implementation of biosecurity control measures. Thus, the synopsis put forth herein provides an update of knowledge gathered from studies carried out so far aimed at addressing the aforesaid informational gaps. In summary, this review provides an update on the etiology of different iridoviruses infecting finfish and epidemiological factors leading to the occurrence of disease outbreaks. In addition, the review provides an update on the cell lines developed for virus isolation and culture, the diagnostic tools used for virus detection and characterization, the current advances in vaccine development and the use of biosecurity in the control of iridoviruses in aquaculture. Overall, we envision that the information put forth in this review will contribute to developing effective control strategies against iridovirus infections in aquaculture.

/pdf/megalocytivirus-and-other-members-of-the-family-iridoviridae-6bn3x4d1.pdf

Megalocytivirus and Other Members of the Family Iridoviridae in Finfish: A Review of the Etiology, Epidemiology, Diagnosis, Prevention and Control

Largemouth bass ranavirus disease (LMBVD) caused by largemouth bass ranavirus (LMBV) has resulted in severe economic losses in the largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) farming industry in China. Early and accurate diagnosis is the key measure for the prevention and control of LMBVD. In this study, a quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and a real-time recombinase-aided amplification (real-time RAA) assay were established for the detection of LMBV. The sensitivity and specificity of these two methods, and the efficacy for detection of LMBV from clinical samples were also evaluated. Results showed that the real-time RAA reaction was completed in <30 min at 39℃ with a detection limit of 58.3 copies, while qPCR reaction required 60 min with a detection limit of 5.8 copies. Both methods were specific for LMBV, where no cross-reactions observed with the other tested fish pathogens. Comparing the amplification results of both assays to the results obtained by virus isolation using 53 clinical tissue samples, results showed that the clinical sensitivity of real-time RAA and qPCR were 93.75% and 100% respectively, and the clinical specificity of both were 100%. Our results showed that qPCR is more suitable for quantitative analysis and accurate detection of LMBV in the laboratory, while real-time RAA is more suitable as a point-of-care diagnostic tool for on-site detection and screening of LMBV under farm conditions and in poorly equipped laboratories.

Establishment and evaluation of qPCR and real-time recombinase-aided amplification assays for detection of largemouth bass ranavirus.

Assessing the effects of dietary live prey versus an artificial compound feed on growth performance, immune response, and intestinal microflora of largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides

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Simultaneous Isolation and Identification of Largemouth Bass Virus and Rhabdovirus from Moribund Largemouth Bass (Micropterus salmoides)

Establishment and evaluation of qPCR and real-time recombinase-aided amplification assays for detection of largemouth bass ranavirus.

Assessing the effects of dietary live prey versus an artificial compound feed on growth performance, immune response, and intestinal microflora of largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides