Food allergies are a type I hypersensitivity immune responses that can be life threatening. While exposure therapy and urgent care interventions can limit the damage of an allergic episode, there is currently no cure for food hypersensitivities. Many patients will experience an accidental exposure to a known allergen due to the complexity of food preparation methods in the modern diet. One method of avoidance is to monitor food with point of care (POC) biosensors that can detect known allergens. These detectors are categorized according to their sensor mechanism, such as optical, electromechanical, and electrochemical biosensors. More innovations that are recent combine biosensors with genosensors and cell assays. Major challenges to allergen monitoring include the introduction of new allergens into modern diets, the rising incidence hypersensitivities, lack of clinical understanding of the types and causes of food allergies, limited commercial availability of biosensors, and the lack of international standards or agreement on threshold detection levels. Public health leaders are taking on these challenges, and their efforts will reduce the incidence of preventable exposures and improve overall food safety management.

Nano-biosensor platforms for detecting food allergens – New trends

Development of highly sensitive analytical procedures for food contaminants is one of the critical points in addressing new challenges related to food safety worldwide. Electrochemical aptamer-based sensors have been intensively investigated as potential analytical tools providing the desired portability, fast response, sensitivity and specificity in addition to lower cost and simplicity versus classical methods. The paper summarizes the aptasensors reported in the literature in the last 3 years, that have been used in applications related to food safety. New trends pertaining to increasing the sensitivity of detection by using nanomaterials and engineering of new aptamers are briefly discussed. With the recent development of new aptamers and following the lead of aptasensors devoted to biomedical field, the next years will witness an avalanche of new exciting electrochemical aptasensors for food safety.

Electrochemical aptasensors for the assessment of food quality and safety

Recent advances in analytical strategies and microsystems for food allergen detection

Triggering unpredictable allergic reactions associated with the presence of hidden allergens in the food chains have raised the need for precise, fast and reliable analytical methods to identify food allergens in different sources. Unintentional cross contamination of food products with allergen sources during production, transformation or processing is also an important risk factor for triggering allergenic reactions in suspected individuals. Different types of antibody based detection methods are applied for detection and standardization of food-born allergens. Aptamers attracted a great attention because of their small size, low cast and ease of manufacturing. Several detection strategies have been investigated for food allergen aptasensing such as electrochemical, optical, thermometric and piezoelectric. In this review, advances and the future trends of developed aptasensors for the control and detection of food-born allergens have been discussed.

Detection of food-born allergens with aptamer-based biosensors

Microfluidic origami nano-aptasensor for peanut allergen Ara h1 detection.

Peanut allergy, the most common cause of fatal-food-related anaphylaxis, is a lifelong disorder and the only existing therapy is avoidance of allergen-containing food. Detection of Ara h 1, the most important peanut allergen, is commonly performed by immunoassay techniques relying on the use of expensive and relatively unstable antibodies. Aptamers can overcome these drawbacks and offer a great potential for the development of reliable biosensors. Therefore, we will present a novel aptamer-based sensor for the label-free detection of Ara h 1. Amino (NH2)-terminated Ara h 1 aptamers were covalently attached to carboxylated gold surfaces employing carbodiimide chemistry. This functionalization procedure was followed in real time by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring. Subsequently, the functionalized surfaces were exposed to Ara h 1 solutions in TGK buffer. By combining the two techniques, we can measure in a wide concentration regime varying from the low nanomolar range (1-15 nM) via electrochemical impedance spectroscopy to the higher concentrations (25-250 nM) by microgravimetric detection. In summary, a fast, low-cost and sensitive sensor platform for Ara h 1 detection has been developed, which can be operated as a ‘stand-alone device’, making it well suited for applications such as the screening of trace allergens.

/pdf/real-time-monitoring-of-aptamer-functionalization-and-5b4erckq1d.pdf

Real-Time Monitoring of Aptamer Functionalization and Detection of Ara H1 by Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy and Dissipation-Mode Quartz Crystal Microbalance

In this study, we show that synthetic sapphire (Al2O3), an established implant material, can also serve as a platform material for biosensors comparable to nanocrystalline diamond. Sapphire chips, beads, and powder were first modified with (3-aminopropyl) triethoxysilane (APTES), followed by succinic anhydride (SA), and finally single-stranded probe DNA was EDC coupled to the functionalized layer. The presence of the APTES-SA layer on sapphire powders was confirmed by thermogravimetric analyis and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. Using planar sapphire chips as substrates and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) as surface-sensitive tool, the sequence of individual layers was analyzed with respect to their chemical state, enabling the quantification of areal densities of the involved molecular units. Fluorescence microscopy was used to demonstrate the hybridization of fluorescently tagged target DNA to the probe DNA, including denaturation- and re-hybridization experiments. Due to its high thermal conductivity, synthetic sapphire is especially suitable as a chip material for the heat-transfer method, which was employed to distinguish complementary- and non-complementary DNA duplexes containing single-nucleotide polymorphisms. These results indicate that it is possible to detect mutations electronically with a chemically resilient and electrically insulating chip material.

Heat-transfer based characterization of DNA on synthetic sapphire chips

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Real-Time Monitoring of Aptamer Functionalization and Detection of Ara H1 by Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy and Dissipation-Mode Quartz Crystal Microbalance

Heat-transfer based characterization of DNA on synthetic sapphire chips