Beta titanium alloys were recognized as a distinct materials class in the 1950s, and following the introduction of Ti-13V-11Cr-3Al in the early 1960s, intensive research occurred for decades thereafter. By the 1980s, dozens of compositions had been explored and sufficient work had been accomplished to warrant the first major conference in 1983. Metallurgists of the time recognized beta alloys as highly versatile and capable of remarkable property development at much lower component weights than steels, coupled with excellent corrosion resistance. Although alloys such as Ti-15V-3Al-3Sn-3Cr, Ti-10V-2Fe-3Al and Ti-3AI-8V-6Cr-4Mo-4Zr (Beta C) were commercialized into well-known airframe systems by the 1980s, Ti-13V-11Cr-3Al was largely discarded following extensive employment on the SR-71 Blackbird. The 1990s saw the implementation of specialty beta alloys such as Beta 21S and Alloy C, in large part for their chemical and oxidation resistance. It was also predicted that by the 1990s, cost would be the major limitation on expansion into new applications. This turned out to be true and is part of the reason for some stagnation in commercialization of new such compositions over the past two decades, despite a good understanding of the relationships among chemistry, processing, and performance and some very attractive offerings. Since then, only a single additional metastable beta alloy, Ti-5Al-5V-5Mo-3Cr-0.5Fe, has been commercialized in aerospace, although low volumes of other chemistries have found a place in the biomedical implant market. This article examines the evolution of this important class of materials and the current status in airframe applications. It speculates on challenges for expanding their use.

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State of the Art in Beta Titanium Alloys for Airframe Applications

In this paper, zirconium (Zr) is selected as a partial substitutable element for titanium (Ti) in Ti–6Al–4V (TC4) alloy to fabricate series of TiZrAlV quaternary alloys. Mechanical testing, microhardness testing, metallographic analysis, X-ray diffraction, and fracture analysis are performed to evaluate the microstructure and mechanical properties of the alloys. The tensile strength and microhardness are found to increase with increased Zr content, whereas the elongation ratio decreases with gradually increased Zr content. The morphology of α phase suffers a series of changes with the increase of Zr content. The β phase contents of the alloys studied also gradually increase with the increase of Zr content. Ti–20Zr–6Al–4V alloy, which has outstanding mechanical properties ( σ b  = 1.317 MPa and δ  = 8%), is found to be the best composition. Hence, a series of new quaternary alloys has potential uses in the nuclear and aerospace industries as structural materials.

Structure and mechanical properties of Ti–6Al–4V alloy after zirconium addition

The effect of heating rate on the phase transformation kinetics of a Ti–10V–2Fe–3Al metastable β titanium alloy quenched from the β field is investigated by fast in situ high energy synchrotron X-ray diffraction and differential scanning calorimetry. The initial microstructure is formed by α″ martensite and fine ωath particles distributed in the retained β-phase matrix. The phase transformation sequence varies with the heating rate as revealed by analysis of the continuous evolution of crystallographic relationships between phases. At low temperatures an athermal reversion of α″ martensite into β takes place. This reversion occurs to a larger extent with increasing heating rate. On the other hand, diffusion–driven precipitation and growth of the ω phase is observed for lower heating rates accompanying the reverse martensitic transformation. Furthermore, the results show that the stable α phase can form through three different paths: (a) from the ω phase, (b) from α″ martensite, and (c) from the β phase.

Phase transformation kinetics during continuous heating of a β-quenched Ti–10V–2Fe–3Al alloy

Corrosion and passivation of annealed Ti–20Zr–6.5Al–4V alloy

Microstructures, mechanical properties and cytotoxicity of low cost beta Ti-Mn alloys for biomedical applications.

Issues in the development of beta titanium alloys

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Issues in the development of beta titanium alloys