Pyrolysis technologies for municipal solid waste: A review

Thermochemical conversion of lignin to functional materials: a review and future directions

Biomass is increasingly perceived as a renewable resource rather than as an organic solid waste today, as it can be converted to various chemicals, biofuels, and solid biochar using modern processes. In the past few years, pyrolysis has attracted growing interest as a promising versatile platform to convert biomass into valuable resources. However, an efficient and selective conversion process is still difficult to be realized due to the complex nature of biomass, which usually makes the products complicated. Furthermore, various contaminants and inorganic elements (e.g., heavy metals, nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfur, and chlorine) embodied in biomass may be transferred into pyrolysis products or released into the environment, arousing environmental pollution concerns. Understanding their behaviors in biomass pyrolysis is essential to optimizing the pyrolysis process for efficient resource recovery and less environmental pollution. However, there is no comprehensive review so far about the fates of chemical ...

Fates of Chemical Elements in Biomass during Its Pyrolysis

In this paper, the characteristics of physical and chemical composition of municipal solid waste (MSW) in China were reviewed and the statistical indexes, namely mean value, standard deviation, coefficient of variation, and t-test, were applied to analyze the physical composition, proximate, ultimate analysis, and heating value. Listed in decreasing sequence, the physical components of Chinese MSW are in food residue, non-combustibles, plastics, paper, textiles, wood waste, and rubber. In food residue, the average elementary hydrogen (H), oxygen (O) and nitrogen (N) content varied greatly with samples and the chlorine (Cl) and moisture contents were extraordinarily high. While conversely, the components of wood waste were simple and different components displayed little disparity in characteristics. The elemental compositions of paper and textiles were also simple. The properties of chlorine-free plastics (polyethylene, polypropylene and polystyrene) were consistent, with high volatile matter, carbon (C) and H content. The mean higher heating value (HHV) of polrvinyl chloride (PVC) was about a half of that of chlorine-free plastics, because the Cl content of PVC was approximate 50%. It suggested that plastics with or without chlorine should be separated as possible. The HHV of different rubbers varied sharply, from 21,812 to 38,868 kJ/kg. A model was proposed to predict the proximate and ultimate analysis and heating value from physical composition, in which the PVC fraction in plastics and the supplementary moisture coefficient were introduced. The results showed that the predicted results fitted well with the measured ones.

An overview of characteristics of municipal solid waste fuel in China: Physical, chemical composition and heating value

hydrogen, transferring the radical site to a tertiary carbon atom of an other macromolecule or that of its own chain. The intermolecular radical transfer of 2 is followed by the β-scission reaction drawn in Scheme 12.3, resulting in a vinyl terminal group 3 and reproducing 2. This chain reaction produces n-propyl and 2-methylvinylene terminal groups in the fragments, which can be isoalkanes, 1-isoalkenes (oligomers) and α, ωisoalkadienes. The series of peaks above pentamer represent these fragment compounds in the pyrogram of PP in Figure 12.2. The considerably superior yield of trimer, tetramers and pentamers to that of the larger oligomers indicates the contribution of another reaction. Intramolecular radical transfer of a secondary macroradical to a tertiary carbon atom of its own chain leads to these oligomers, drawn in Scheme 12.5. The two possible directions of β-scission explain the occurrence of n-pentane among the wholly isoalkanoic products of PP. In the pyrolysis process of PP the intramolecular radical transfer is preferred to the intermolecular one, thus the low oligomer formation predominates. Consequently the pyrolysis oil of PP is much more volatile than that of PE, decomposing mainly through intermolecular radical transfer. The difference of the backbone structure of the products of these polymers is more important from the point of view of fuel properties. The isoalkanoic structure of PP is held in the thermal decomposition products, in this way the octane number of the pyrolysis oil might be high. In a batch reactor [26] the gasoline fraction (44–220◦C) of the pyrolysis oil obtained from 100 g PE and PP mixture at 440◦C has an octane number of 88.6 with 5.6 wt% aromatic content, and the diesel oil (151–347◦C boiling point range) had 56◦C ignition temperature, −4◦C cloud point and a cetane index of 59.5. Pyrolysing waste PP in an 1 L autoclave at 430◦C for 20 min

Feedstock recycling and pyrolysis of waste plastics : converting waste plastics into diesel and other fuels

TG-FTIR analysis of PVC thermal degradation and HCl removal

Pyrolysis of solid waste in a rotary kiln: influence of final pyrolysis temperature on the pyrolysis products

Axial transport and residence time of MSW in rotary kilns: Part II. Theoretical and optimal analyses

Melting characteristics of two kinds of municipal solid waste incineration(MSWI) fly ash were studied in this paper by high temperature differential scanning calorimetry and differential temperature analysis. MSWI fly ash was considered as hazardous waste because it contains heavy metals and dioxins. The experiments were performed in either N2 or O2 atmosphere in temperature range of 20 degrees C-1450 degrees C at various heating rates. Two different MSW incineration fly ashes used in the experiments were collected from our country and France respectively. The process of fly ash melting exhibits two reactions occurring at temperature ranges of about 480 degrees C-670 degrees C and 1136 degrees C-1231 degrees C, respectively. The latent heat of polymorphic transformation and fusion were approximately 20 kJ/kg and 700 kJ/kg, while the total heat required for melting process was about 1800 kJ/kg. The paper also studied effect of CaO to melting. A heat flux thermodynamic model for fly ash melting was put forward and it agrees well with experimental data.

[MSW incineration fly ash melting by DSC-DTA].

A new digital particle image velocimetry (DPIV) proceeding method, namely, consecutive motion vector estimation algorithm, which fully employs the global information of sequential gray images and the physics property of flow field to get the precise velocity vector at each pixel, is proposed. Therefore it enlarges the application range of DPIV, especially for high-speed flow, large velocity gradient flow and rotational flow. The new method is applied to study the particle motion qualitatively in a partially filled rotary drum in this work. The results indicate that the newly developed algorithm describes the real flow field of granular motion in the transverse plane of rotary drum more accurately than the conventional cross-correlation method, which is adopted here as the comparative one. It can be concluded from DPIV analysis that the burden bed in rotary drum consists of two distinct regions, the active layer and the plug flow region. Moreover, the boundary of these two regions is an arc and the rotational speed plays an important role in the particles flow field.

A new DPIV proceeding algorithm and its application in particle motion study in a rotary drum

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