Large scale chemical control of insect pests usmg synthetic pesticides started in India 40 years ago with the introduction of DDT and HCH. Since then nearly 350’thousand tonn ‘s of DDT, 575 thousand tonnes of HCH and 150 thousand tonnes of organophosphates have been used in the country to control insect vectors of parasitic diseases and pests of agriculture. The current annual consumption of pesticides in the country is nearly 80 fhoui sand tonnes, of which 18 thousand tonnes is DDT, 36 thousand tonnes HCH and 18 thousand tonnes of organophosphates. This use of pesticides has led to appearance of pesticide resistance in 27 insect pests; 14 of public health importance, 7 of agricultural crops and 6 of stored grains and commodities. Chronologically, in India, the pesticide resistance appeared first in insect vectors of parasitic diseases in 1952, in agricultural pests in 1963 and in insect pests of stored grains and commodities in 1971. Methods to combat and avoid menance of pesticide resistance have been enumerated.

Pesticide Resistance in Insect-Pests Indian Scenario

Anatomy of the sensory organs on the prominent body parts of the adult bed-bug Cimex hemipterus (Hemiptera: Cimicidae) and its central nervous system (CNS) was studied by light, transmission, or scanning electron microscopy. The distal tips of antenna and rostrum were found to have rich complements of sensilla. The antenna has both olfactory and gustatory sensilla. Olfactory sensilla project to the antennal lobe organized in the form of glomeruli, while the 2nd component, presumably from gustatory sensilla, projects to the suboesophageal ganglion. The ultrastructure of the sensory pegs on the rostrum of C. hemipterus does not resemble the chemosensilla of adult insects; rather they resemble the larval sensilla of Drosophila melanogaster in the maxillary organ. Earlier we believed this to be a gustatory organ. A few similar sensilla also occur on the antenna, indicating its multimodal role. Amongst the 3 types of sensory hairs located on legs, there are only a few gustatory hairs (7–10 hairs) on the tibia. The pointed and serrate mechanosensory hair types occur in abundance; the serrate type are prominently present on the lateral surface of the legs. On other parts of the body such as the thorax or abdomen, serrate hairs are most abundant. Both the distal segment of antenna and rostrum are invested by 2 nerves, where the axon counts of the 2 antennal nerves are 380 and 425, while each rostral nerve on average has 205 axons. Abundant clusters of microtubules were found in the brain, thoracio-abdominal ganglia, leg-nerves, and the space between muscles and cuticle. These conspicuous microtubule-clusters occur in interaxonal space, mainly glial cells, in the nervous system. In addition, the glial cells have osmiophilic junctions amongst themselves. A novel “hinge and joint” system, which controls the cross-section of the food canal and the salivary duct in an inversely related manner, was found in the rostrum of the bed-bug.

Sensory organs on the body parts of the bed-bug Cimex hemipterus fabricius (Hemiptera : Cimicidae) and the anatomy of its central nervous system

BACKGROUND: Five formulated insecticides (lambda-cyhalothrin at 10 mg m−2, bifenthrin at 50 mg m−2, fipronil at 10 mg m−2, fenitrothion at 50 mg m−2, imidacloprid at 5 mg m−2) and one active ingredient (DDT at 500 mg m−2) were evaluated using a surface contact method against early and late instars and adults of two strains of the tropical bed bug, Cimex hemipterus (F.). Synergism of lambda-cyhalothrin and fipronil using piperonyl butoxide (PBO) was also assessed.

RESULTS: The order of susceptibility of different stages of bed bugs was as follows: early stage − lambda-cyhalothrin > bifenthrin = imidacloprid > fipronil > fenitrothion > DDT; late stage—lambda-cyhalothrin > bifenthrin > fenitrothion > imidacloprid > fipronil > DDT; adult—lambda-cyhalothrin > imidacloprid > bifenthrin > fenitrothion > fipronil > DDT. The late instars exhibited significantly higher LT50 among the life stages. The addition of PBO to fipronil increased the susceptibility of the insects.

CONCLUSIONS: Lambda-cyhalothrin, bifenthrin, fenitrothion and fipronil at the recommended application rates were effective against C. hemipterus. Although imidacloprid demonstrated good initial response against C. hemipterus, the insects showed substantial recovery 72 h post-treatment. The late instars (fourth and fifth instars) should be used as the model for toxicological evaluation. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry

/pdf/surface-contact-toxicity-and-synergism-of-several-18203yz46h.pdf

Surface contact toxicity and synergism of several insecticides against different stages of the tropical bed bug, Cimex hemipterus (Hemiptera: Cimicidae)

Background & objectives: Bedbug Cimex hemipterus lives in cracks and crevices, and shows aggregation activity in the harbourage containing its fecal matter. Limited information is available on the chemicals influencing this aggregation behaviour in C. hemipterus. Possible components responsible for aggregation, if identified and evaluated can be helpful in designing bedbug management. Methods: Study on the isolation and identification of chemicals from the excreta extract responsible for aggregation has been carried by GC-MS. The compounds identified were evaluated at different concentrations to C. hemipterus and their attraction index was determined. Results: The GC-MS analysis of the excreta extract resulted in identification of 33 different types of semiochemicals such as esters, carboxylic acids, alcohols, aldehydes, ketones and other hydrocarbons. Among these 33 compounds of various groups, the carboxylic acid (E)-2-hexenoic acid and the aldehyde (E)-2-hexenal found to elicit highest positive aggregation behavioural response in all the stages followed by hexenal. Interpretation & conclusion: The fecal matter influence the aggregation behaviour in C. hemipterus. (E)-2-hexenoic acid, hexanoic acid, (E)-2-hexenal and hexanal found to exhibit aggregation in various stages of bedbug life cycle. These chemical components can be further exploited for designing and development tool for management of bedbugs.

/pdf/aggregation-responses-of-cimex-hemipterus-f-to-2v65jdmtbx.pdf

Aggregation responses of Cimex hemipterus F. to semiochemicals identified from their excreta.

BACKGROUND: Five formulated insecticides (lambda-cyhalothrin at 10 mg m−2, bifenthrin at 50 mg m−2, fipronil at 10 mg m−2, fenitrothion at 50 mg m−2, imidacloprid at 5 mg m−2) and one active ingredient (DDT at 500 mg m−2) were evaluated using a surface contact method against early and late instars and adults of two strains of the tropical bed bug, Cimex hemipterus (F) Synergism of lambda-cyhalothrin and fipronil using piperonyl butoxide (PBO) was also assessed RESULTS: The order of susceptibility of different stages of bed bugs was as follows: early stage − lambda-cyhalothrin > bifenthrin = imidacloprid > fipronil > fenitrothion > DDT; late stage – lambda-cyhalothrin > bifenthrin > fenitrothion > imidacloprid > fipronil > DDT; adult – lambda-cyhalothrin > imidacloprid > bifenthrin > fenitrothion > fipronil > DDT The late instars exhibited significantly higher LT50 among the life stages The addition of PBO to fipronil increased the susceptibility of the insects CONCLUSIONS: Lambda-cyhalothrin, bifenthrin, fenitrothion and fipronil at the recommended application rates were effective against C hemipterus Although imidacloprid demonstrated good initial response against C hemipterus, the insects showed substantial recovery 72 h post-treatment The late instars (fourth and fifth instars) should be used as the model for toxicological evaluation c © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry

A note on laboratory culturing of bed-bugs.

The susceptibility of the bed bug, cimex hemiptelus fabricius, to certain synthetic contact insecticides, viz., DDT, lindane dieldrin, diazinon and malathion was investigated. The fifth nymphal stage of the insect was found to be more tolerant to insecticides than other nymphal instars or the adult bed bug.

Insecticide susceptibility of cimex hemipterus

Susceptibility of some insect vectors of diseases to synthetic contact insecticides.

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A note on laboratory culturing of bed-bugs.

Insecticide susceptibility of cimex hemipterus

Susceptibility of some insect vectors of diseases to synthetic contact insecticides.