Polymer nanocomposite ADA@SM as a high-temperature filtrate reducer for water-based drilling fluids and its filtration loss mechanism

Effect of Modified Hydroxyapatite Nanoparticles on Sodium and Calcium Cation-Contaminated Bentonite-Water Solutions at High Temperatures

The ever‐increasing consumption of fossil energy highlights the urgent need to develop technologies to ensure the efficient drilling and exploration of oil and gas resources mainly distributed in deep layers. The complex geological conditions in deep formations with the feature of high temperature, high pressure, and high salinity result in high requirements for the performance of drilling fluids. Various additives are demonstrated to decide the physicochemical properties and functional characteristics of water‐based drilling fluids. As one of the most widely used additives in water‐based drilling fluids, various polymeric filtrate reducers play an important role in minimizing fluid loss, maintaining wellbore stability, ensuring drilling safety and efficiency as well as avoiding formation damage. Herein the design, preparation, and applications of polymer‐based filtrate reducers for fluid loss control in drilling operation are comprehensively summarized. The spotlight is centered on the design strategies and structure–property–performance relationships of polymeric filtrate reducers to minimize fluid loss under high temperature, high pressure, and high salinity conditions. Future perspectives for achieving excellent comprehensive performance are also discussed to motivate new strategies and technologies to design and develop high‐performance drilling fluids with optimal rheological and filtration properties.

A Review in Polymers for Fluid Loss Control in Drilling Operations

The modern oil and gas industry, driven by a surging global energy demand, faces the challenge of exploring deeper geological formations. Ensuring the robust performance of drilling fluids under harsh wellbore conditions is paramount, with elevated temperatures and salt contamination recognized as detrimental factors affecting the rheological and filtration loss properties of drilling fluids. We successfully synthesized a polyethyleneimine-grafted graphene oxide nanocomposite (PEI-GO), and its functional groups formation and thermal stability were verified through Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA). Our findings demonstrated a significant improvement in the plastic viscosity and yield point of the base drilling fluid with the addition of PEI-GO. The inclusion of 0.3 wt% PEI-GO outperformed the base drilling fluid at 160 °C, improving the yield point/plastic viscosity (YP/PV) value and reducing filtration loss volume by 42% and 67%, respectively. The Herschel–Bulkley model emerged as the superior choice for characterizing rheological behavior. PEI-GO exhibited compatibility with high-salt formations, maintaining satisfactory filtration volumes even when subjected to sodium chloride (NaCl) and calcium chloride (CaCl2) contamination concentrations of up to 20 and 10 wt%, respectively. The remarkable rheological and filtration properties of PEI-GO are attributed to its electrostatic interactions with clay particles through hydrogen and ionic bonding. These interactions lead to pore plugging in the filter cake, effectively preventing water infiltration and reducing filtration loss volume. This study emphasizes the potential of PEI-GO in water-based drilling fluids, particularly in high-temperature and salt-contaminated environments.

An experimental investigation into the rheological behavior and filtration loss properties of water-based drilling fluid enhanced with a polyethyleneimine-grafted graphene oxide nanocomposite

The application of cellulose derivatives including carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), polyanionic cellulose (PAC), hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC), cellulose nanofibrils (CNFs), and cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) has gained enormous interest, especially as environmentally friendly additives for water-based drilling fluids (WBDFs). This is due to their sustainable, biodegradable, and biocompatible nature. Furthermore, cellulose nanomaterials (CNMs), which include both CNFs and CNCs, possess unique properties such as nanoscale dimensions, a large surface area, as well as unique mechanical, thermal, and rheological performance that makes them stand out as compared to other additives used in WBDFs. The high surface hydration capacity, strong interaction with bentonite, and the presence of a complex network within the structure of CNMs enable them to act as efficient rheological modifiers in WBDFs. Moreover, the nano-size dimension and facilely tunable surface chemistry of CNMs make them suitable as effective fluid loss reducers as well as shale inhibitors as they have the ability to penetrate, absorb, and plug the nanopores within the exposed formation and prevent further penetration of water into the formation. This review provides an overview of recent progress in the application of cellulose derivatives, including CMC, PAC, HEC, CNFs, and CNCs, as additives in WBDFs. It begins with a discussion of the structure and synthesis of cellulose derivatives, followed by their specific application as rheological, fluid loss reducer, and shale inhibition additives in WBDFs. Finally, the challenges and future perspectives are outlined to guide further research and development in the effective utilization of cellulose derivatives as additives in WBDFs. 

Cellulose derivatives as environmentally-friendly additives in water-based drilling fluids: A review

The rheological and filtration performance of drilling fluids greatly depends on the additives used. To address the negative impact on the drilling fluid performance stemming from electrolyte contamination, a sustainable sodium alginate (SA) biopolymer was employed as an additive in water-based drilling fluids to overcome the performance deterioration caused by the polyelectrolyte effect under salt contamination. The results demonstrated that SA performs better than sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (Na-CMC) and polyanionic cellulose (PAC-LV), the widely used drilling fluid additives. Although exposed to highly concentrated salt contamination, the addition of SA can mitigate viscosity variation and maintain a lower filtration volume of a base fluid (BF), whereas an advanced variation in CMC/BF and PAC/BF was observed. The possible rheology and filtration mechanism of SA under highly concentrated salt contamination were investigated through zeta potential, particle size distribution, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results revealed that the anchoring groups on the SA molecular chain enable them to strongly adsorb on the negatively charged bentonite surface via hydrogen and ionic bond interactions, leading to a significant improvement in both rheological and filtration performance. Therefore, SA with excellent salt tolerance and sustainability confers practical applicability that could extend to the preparation of saltwater-based and other inhibitive drilling fluids.

/pdf/sodium-alginate-as-an-eco-friendly-rheology-modifier-and-1zk7jmu7.pdf

Sodium alginate as an eco-friendly rheology modifier and salt-tolerant fluid loss additive in water-based drilling fluids

Wettability alteration of the shale surface is a potential strategy to address wellbore instability issues arising from shale hydration. In this study, we have explored an oil-in-water (o/w) nanoemulsion, in which soluble silicate (lithium silicate and potassium methyl silicate) as the aqueous phase and organosilanes (3-methacryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane (KH570) and n-octyltriethoxysilane (n-OTES)) as the oil phase, as a shale inhibitor via forming a hydrophobic "artificial borehole shield" in situ on shale surfaces to maintain wellbore stability in high-temperature drilling operations. The shale dispersion test showed the highest shale recovery of nanoemulsion was up to 106.4% compared to that of water (20%), and recovered shale cuttings remained at the original integrity after hot rolling at 180 °C, indicating superior inhibition performance and resistance to elevated temperatures. Moreover, recovered shale cuttings manifested water repellency upon reimmersion in water, ascribed to the hydrophobic film, preventing water from permeating into the shale. The results of the contact angle measurement elucidated that the film wettability, from hydrophilic to superhydrophobic (ranging from 9.6-154°), can be achieved by altering the n-OTES-to-KH570 weight ratio from 0.2 to 2.25, and the film with the highest hydrophobicity (154°) and the lowest surface energy (3.17 mJ·m-2) can be obtained at a ratio of 1.3. Scanning electron microscopy images demonstrated that the superhydrophobic film was composed of tightly stacked reticulate nanofilaments with a diameter of 7-17 nm and several micrometers in length and overlapped well-distributed nanospheres with a diameter of 30 nm. X-ray diffraction and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy confirmed the film was crystalline silica grafted with long-chain alkylsiloxane. It is assumed that the unique micronanostructure combined with the siloxane modification contributed to the hydrophobicity. Consequently, this study provides a potential alternative solution for wellbore stabilization in deep well drilling engineering by employing nanoemulsion as a shale hydration inhibitor via forming a protective film with controllable wettability. Furthermore, it can be conferred a practical application due to easily available, less hazardous, and cost-effective materials.

In Situ Shale Wettability Regulation Using Sophisticated Nanoemulsion to Maintain Wellbore Stability in Deep Well Drilling.

Study on stress-based fatigue monitoring methodology for Class 1 nuclear pipe based on the RCC-M code

Research on the On-Line Fracture Assessment of Cracked Primary Loop Pipes in Npps


 Operating license extension (OLE) is an important trend in the development of Nuclear Power Plants (NPPs). About 30.2% of the units in operation in the world have reached or exceeded 40 years of operation. “License Renewal, LR” and “Periodic Safety Review, PSR” are two commonly strategies used for operating license extension demonstration. In December 2015 the technical policy of OLE in China was issued by National Nuclear Safety Administration (NNSA), with the main works of the demonstration include: (1) Current License Basis Review, (2) Scoping and Screening of Structures, Systems and Components (SSCs), (3) Aging Management Review (AMR), (4) Time Limited Aging Analysis (TLAA), (5) Updated of Finally Safety Analysis Report (FSAR), (6) Environment Evaluation. The demonstration of OLE of NPPs were carried out in two NPPs since 2013. In this paper, the demonstration strategies for OLE were introduced, the processes of the demonstration by LR in USA and PSR in France were provided. The interpretation of technical policy and Domestic status of OLE in China were illustrated. The technical issues for the OLE safety assessment were also reviewed. Furthermore, the trends for OLE in the future, such as multiple plants demonstration at one time, the secondly license renewal were discussed as well.

Review of Operating License Extension of Nuclear Power Plants

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