Abstract In recent years, metasurface, as a representative of micro- and nano-optics, have demonstrated a powerful ability to manipulate light, which can modulate a variety of physical parameters, such as wavelength, phase, and amplitude, to achieve various functions and substantially improve the performance of conventional optical components and systems. Artificial Intelligence (AI) is an emerging strong and effective computational tool that has been rapidly integrated into the study of physical sciences over the decades and has played an important role in the study of metasurface. This review starts with a brief introduction to the basics and then describes cases where AI and metasurface research have converged: from AI-assisted design of metasurface elements up to advanced optical systems based on metasurface. We demonstrate the advanced computational power of AI, as well as its ability to extract and analyze a wide range of optical information, and analyze the limitations of the available research resources. Finally conclude by presenting the challenges posed by the convergence of disciplines.

pdf/unleashing-the-potential-ai-empowered-advanced-metasurface-27umar77uv.pdf

Unleashing the potential: AI empowered advanced metasurface research

Metasurfaces with scattering field suppression properties play a crucial role in electromagnetic protection and stealth strategies, benefiting both civilian and military sectors. Despite significant efforts dedicated to exploring methods for radar cross-section (RCS) reduction, the design of wideband devices with high-efficiency scattering reduction remains a substantial challenge. As a unique two-dimensional material, graphene, characterized by its ultra-thin profile, exceptional mechanical strength, and high carrier mobility, presents a new perspective for stealth technology. In this paper, we propose a novel graphene-based optically transparent and flexible metasurface, achieving high-efficiency RCS reduction across a wide frequency band. Employing multilayer stacking and doping of graphene, reverse-phase absorption cells with wideband characteristics have been successfully fabricated, enabling effective RCS reduction over a broadband through both phase cancellation and absorption mechanisms. The structure has undergone validation through both simulation and experimentation, exhibiting significant scattering suppression exceeding 20 dB in the frequency range of 10.3-19.2 GHz, and maintaining a reduction exceeding 10 dB from 6.3 to 21.4 GHz. Furthermore, simulation analysis indicates that the metasurface demonstrates remarkable polarization stability and robustness against large-angle incidences. In curved applications, the device attains a wideband RCS reduction of 15 dB at a bending angle of 15 degrees, and continues to surpass 10 dB even at an angle of 150 degrees. This graphene-based metasurface provides a pioneering approach for achieving near-perfect electromagnetic stealth. 

Wideband high-efficiency scattering reduction in a graphene based optically transparent and flexible metasurface

Metasurfaces have the strong ability to reshape wave front and are attractive for a wide range of applications. However, metasurface based light field manipulation can be realized usually in either transmission or reflection space individually, which will limit its application scenario of metasuface. In this paper, we design a phase change material Ge2Sb2Te5 (GST) based double-layer dielectric metasurface in mid-infrared bands, which can achieve the light field manipulation in full space and dynamically control the focal intensity of reflected and transmitted light. As proof-of-concepts, two functional metasurfaces are designed and investigated: the first metasurface realizes the dynamically adjustable focus intensity in full-space under left circularly polarized (LCP) light incidence, the second metasurface is designed to provide spin-dependent bifocal in full space, which can generate custom designed two focal points under LCP or right circularly polarized (RCP) light incidence. Our proposed tunable full-space dielectric metasurfaces can be potentially applied for energy-harvesting, optical communication and optical imaging.

Tunable full-space light field manipulation based on double-layer Ge2Sb2Te5 metasurfaces

Vortex beams accompanied with orbital angular momentum have attracted significant attention in research fields due to their formidable capabilities in various crucial applications. However, conventional devices for generating vortex beams still suffer from bulky sizes, high cost, and confined performances. Metalens, as an advanced platform to arbitrarily control the optical waves, has promising prospects to address the predicament for conventional devices. Although great progress has been demonstrated in the applications of vortex beams, they are still confronted with fixed functionality after fabrication that severely hinders their application range. In this work, the phase-change material of Ge2Sb2Te5 (GST) is employed to design the meta-atoms to realize tunable optical responses. Moreover, the focused vortex beam can be accomplished by superimposing a helical phase and hyperbolic phase, and the chromatic aberrations in near-infrared (NIR) range can be corrected by introducing an additional phase compensation. And the design strategy is validated by two different metalenses (BAMTF-1 and BAMTF-2). The numerical results indicate that the chromatic aberrations for two metalens can be corrected in 1.33–1.60 μm covering the telecom range. Moreover, the average focusing efficiency of BAMTF-1 is 51.4%, and that of BAMTF-2 is 39.9%, indicating the favorable performances of designed BAMTF. More importantly, their average focal lengths have a relative tuning range of 38.82% and 33.17% by altering the crystallization ratio of GST, respectively. This work may provide a significant scheme for on-chip and tunable devices for NIR imaging and communication systems.

Broadband Achromatic Metalens for Tunable Focused Vortex Beam Generation in the Near-Infrared Range

High‐resolution (HR) displays are in much demand as metaverse makes near‐eye displays the most important equipment in recent years. Based on wave optics, a microscale optical crosstalk model for HR display devices is proposed. It is indicated that the pixel pattern will be distorted over long‐distance transmission in light‐emitting devices with inner periodic microstructure, and the optical distortion is related to the size of pixels and the distance from the emitting layer to the outlet. A bottom emissive HR red quantum dot light‐emitting diode (QLED) array is introduced to confirm the model and a top emission scheme is provided to effectively reduce the transmission distance and suppress the pixel distortion. Optical‐crosstalk‐free pixels are finally achieved by adopting the optimized top‐emission cathode thickness of 30 nm. This study provides a direction for realizing high‐quality and high‐resolution micro‐displays.

Optical Crosstalk Suppression in High‐Resolution Quantum Dot Light‐Emitting Devices

Recently, metasurfaces have arisen as next-generation optics with various merits, such as being ultrathin and lightweight with multi-function integration. Numerous applications of metasurfaces have been demonstrated up to now, including wavefront shaping, optical imaging, hologram display, structured light generation, polarization detection, and so on. Among them, optical imaging components and techniques have been substantially promoted with the advent of metasurfaces due to their superior spatial modulation properties over electromagnetic waves. Here, the forward and reverse design approaches of metasurface and recent advances in various imaging applications based on them are reviewed. Due to the ability of arbitrary wavefront encoding, metasurfaces have been widely applied to numerous imaging applications, including diffraction-limited imaging with aberration correction, polarization-related imaging, high-resolution spectral imaging, three-dimentional (3D) imaging, and even algorithm-assisted imaging, etc. Optical imaging applications combined with novel metasurfaces can make breakthroughs with the development of nanofabrication technologies and the improvement of computer algorithms. 

Advanced Optical Imaging Based on Metasurfaces

Miniaturized high-efficiency snapshot polarimetric stereoscopic imaging

Recently, a new diffractive camera design based on transmissive surfaces structured using deep learning is proposed. It performs class-specific imaging of target objects and all-optical deletion of other classes of objects, which will promote the development of privacy-preserving digital cameras and mission-specific data. 

/pdf/class-specific-diffractive-cameras-based-on-deep-learning-uy1050zl.pdf

Class-specific diffractive cameras based on deep learning-designed surfaces

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Advanced Optical Imaging Based on Metasurfaces

Unleashing the potential: AI empowered advanced metasurface research

Miniaturized high-efficiency snapshot polarimetric stereoscopic imaging

Class-specific diffractive cameras based on deep learning-designed surfaces