As pollution becomes one of the biggest environmental challenges of the twenty-first century, pollution of water threatens the very existence of humanity, making immediate action a priority. The most persistent and hazardous pollutants come from industrial and agricultural activities; therefore, effective treatment of this wastewater prior to discharge into the natural environment is the solution. Advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) have caused increased interest due to their ability to degrade hazardous substances in contrast to other methods, which mainly only transfer pollution from wastewater to sludge, a membrane filter, or an adsorbent. Among a great variety of different AOPs, a group of electrochemical advanced oxidation processes (EAOPs), including electro-Fenton, is emerging as an environmental-friendly and effective treatment process for the destruction of persistent hazardous contaminants. The only concern that slows down a large-scale implementation is energy consumption and related investment and operational costs. A combination of EAOPs with biological treatment is an interesting solution. In such a synergetic way, removal efficiency is maximized, while minimizing operational costs. The goal of this review is to present cutting-edge research for treatment of three common and problematic pollutants and effluents: dyes and textile wastewater, olive processing wastewater, and pharmaceuticals and hospital wastewater. Each of these types is regarded in terms of recent scientific research on individual electrochemical, individual biological and a combined synergetic treatment.

Electrochemical advanced oxidation and biological processes for wastewater treatment: a review of the combined approaches.

Bioaugmentation of Azo Dyes.- Biodegradation of Azo Dyes Under Anaerobic Condition: Role of Azoreductase.- Biodegradation of Azo Dyes in Anaerobic-Aerobic Sequencing Batch Reactors.- Decolorization of Azo Dyes by Immobilized Bacteria.- Decolorization and Degradation of Azo Dyes by Redox Mediator System with Bacteria.- Bioreactors for Azo-Dye Conversion.- Treatment of Azo Dye-Containing Wastewater Using Integrated Processes.- Decolorization of Azo Dyes by White Rot Fungi.- Decolorization of Azo Dyes by Immobilized Fungi.- Decolorization of Azo Dyes by Yeasts.- Factors Affecting the Complete Mineralization of Azo Dyes.

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Biodegradation of Azo Dyes

A cationic dye, Rhodamine B (RhB), could be efficiently discolored by heterogeneous Fenton-like reaction catalyzed by natural schorl. In this work, with the main goal of the optimization for RhB discoloration, central composite design under the response surface methodology (RSM) was employed for the experiment design and process optimization. The significance of a second-order polynomial model for predicting the optimal values of RhB discoloration was evaluated by the analysis of variance and 3D response surface and counter plots for the interactions between two variables were constructed. The Pareto graphic analysis of the discoloration process indicated that, among all the variables, solution pH (X 3, 47.95 %) and H2O2 concentration (X 1, 24.39 %) had the largest influences on the heterogeneous Fenton-like discoloration of RhB. Based on the model prediction, the optimum conditions for RhB discoloration were determined to be 45 mM H2O2 concentration, 2.5 g/L schorl dosage, solution pH 2, and 110 min reaction time, with the maximum RhB discoloration ratio of 98.86 %. The corresponding experimental value of RhB discoloration ratio under the optimum conditions was determined as 99.31 %, which is very close to the optimized one, implying that RSM is a powerful and satisfactory strategy for the process optimization.

Heterogeneous Fenton-like discoloration of Rhodamine B using natural schorl as catalyst: optimization by response surface methodology.

Photocatalytic degradation of azo dyes in textile wastewater by Polyaniline composite catalyst-a review

Simultaneous removal of cationic methylene blue and anionic reactive red 198 dyes using magnetic activated carbon nanoparticles: equilibrium, and kinetics analysis.

Azo dyes are the most widely used dyes in textile industry. During the dyeing process, the degree of exhaustion of dyes is never complete, resulting in azo dye-containing effluents. The biodegradation of azo dyes is difficult due to their complex structure and synthetic nature. The removal of azo dyes from industry effluents is desirable not only for aesthetic reasons but also because azo dyes and their breakdown products are toxic to aquatic life and mutagenic to humans. In recent years, application of integrated processes for treatment of azo dye-containing wastewater has received considerable attention in the literatures. This review highlights some of the notable examples in the use of integrated processes for azo dye-containing wastewater treatment and deals with biodegradation mechanism of azo dyes. The review also summarizes and attempts to compare the advantages and disadvantages of integrated processes. It can be found that integrated treatment system seems to be an efficient and promising alternative for the treatment of azo dye-containing wastewater.

Treatment of Azo Dye-Containing Wastewater Using Integrated Processes

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Treatment of Azo Dye-Containing Wastewater Using Integrated Processes