The Ganga is largest river in India, serves as a lifeline for agriculture, drinking water, and religious rites. However, it became highly polluted due to influx of industrial wastes and untreated sewages leading to decline of aquatic biodiversity. This study investigated the microbial diversity and plastic-xenobiotic degrading enzymes of six sediment metagenomes of river Ganga at Prayagraj (RDG, TSG, SDG) and Devprayag (KRG, BNG, BRG). The water quality parameters, higher values of BOD (1.8-3.7 ppm), COD (23-29.2 ppm) and organic carbon (0.18–0.51%) were recorded at Prayagraj. Comparative analysis of microbial community structure between Prayagraj and Devprayag revealed significant differences with Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes emerging as the predominant bacterial phyla across six sediment samples. Notably, their prevalence was highest in the BRG samples. Furthermore, 25 OTUs at genus level was consistent across all six samples. Alpha diversity exhibited minimal variation among samples, while beta diversity indicated an inverse relationship between species richness and diversity. Co-occurrence network analysis established that, genera from same and different groups of phyla are showing positive relations with each other. Thirteen plastic degrading enzymes including Laccase, Alkane-1 monooxygenase and Alkane monooxygenase were identified from six sediment metagenomes of river Ganga which can degrade non-biodegradable plastic viz. Polyethylene, Polystyrene and Low-density Polyethelene. Further, 18 xenobiotic degradation enzymes were identified for degradation of Bisphenol, Xylene, Toluene, Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon, Styrene, Atrazene and Dioxin etc. This is first report of identification of non-biodegradable plastic degrading enzymes from sediment metagenomes of river Ganga, India. The findings of this study would help in pollution abatement and sustainable management of riverine ecosystem. Investigating the microbiome, gene or enzyme composition, and functional pathways within the sediment of the polluted river Ganga provides insights into the microbial reactions to pollution and their roles within the ecosystem. This is the first report on whole-genome metagenomic analysis of river Ganga sediment at Koteswar (KRG), Bagwan (BNG), Bageswar (BRG), Rasulabad Ghat (RDG), Triveni Sangam (TSG), and Sahidabad (SDG) delves into bacterial diversity and functional characterization. Further, this study identified microbial diversity, plastic and xenobiotic degrading enzymes from sediments of river Ganga, providing insights into the river's ecological health. 

Metagenomic landscape of sediments of river Ganga reveals microbial diversity, potential plastic and xenobiotic degradation enzymes.

Persistent, aged hydrocarbons in soil hinder remediation, posing a significant environmental threat. While bioremediation offers an environmentally friendly and cost-effective approach, its efficacy for complex contaminants relies on enhancing pollutant bioavailability. This study explores the potential of immobilized bacterial consortia combined with biochar and rhamnolipids to accelerate bioremediation of aged total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH)-contaminated soil. Previous research indicates that biochar and biosurfactants can increase bioremediation rates, while mixed consortia offer sequential degradation and higher hydrocarbon mineralization. The present investigation aimed to assess whether combining these strategies could further enhance degradation in aged, complex soil matrices. The bioaugmentation (BA) with bacterial consortium increased the TPHs degradation in aged soil (over 20% compared to natural attenuation - NA). However, co-application of BA with biochar and rhamnolipid higher did not show a statistically prominent synergistic effect. While biochar application facilitated the maintenance of hydrocarbon degrading bacterial consortium in soil, the present study did not identify a direct influence in TPHs degradation. The biochar application in contaminated soil contributed to TPHs adsorption. Rhamnolipid alone slightly increased the TPHs biodegradation with NA, while the combined bioaugmentation treatment with rhamnolipid and biochar increased the degradation between 27.5 and 29.8%. These findings encourage further exploration of combining bioaugmentation with amendment, like biochar and rhamnolipid, for remediating diverse environmental matrices contaminated with complex and aged hydrocarbons. 

Unveiling the capacity of bioaugmentation application, in comparison with biochar and rhamnolipid for TPHs degradation in aged hydrocarbons polluted soil.

Biofilm-mediated bioremediation of xenobiotics and heavy metals: a comprehensive review of microbial ecology, molecular mechanisms, and emerging biotechnological applications.

The electrolytic manganese industry produces a large amount of electrolytic manganese residue (EMR). Soluble Mn, NH4+-N, and other pollutants may be released from the open-air stacked EMR and transported to the environment along with rainfall or surface runoff. Aqueous EMR solution (AES) generally contains various elements required for plant growth, and phytoremediation can be applied to remove these pollutants from AES. Since the contents of Fe and Co vary greatly in AES depending on the ore sources as well as the pre-treatment processes, the presence of bioavailable Fe and Co at different levels may affect plant growth, the rhizosphere microbes, and pollutant removal. The present study investigated the in-situ removal of Mn(II) and NH4+-N from AES solution using free floating aquatic plant Pistia stratiotes, focusing especially on the effects of Fe/Co presence and rhizospheric microbe synergistic involvement on contaminant removal. The results showed that 69.08% of Mn and 94.99% of NH4+-N were removed by P. stratiotes in 24 d. Both the presence of Fe(II) and Co(II) facilitated the Mn(II) immobilization and increased Mn(II) removal by 19-31% due to the enhanced peroxidase activity and the increased Mn accumulating in roots The complete removal of Mn from AES was found in the presence of Fe(II) at 2 mg·L-1 or Co(II) at 0.5 mg·L-1 and more than 51% accumulated Mn in the roots was stored in the vacuole and cytoplasm. BioMnOx was found on the surface of the roots, revealing that rhizofiltration, rhizospheric plaque/biofilm formation, and Mn biogeochemical cycle exert synergic effects on Mn(II) immobilization. The findings of the present study demonstrate the feasibility of using P. stratiotes in the treatment of aqueous EMR solutions and the presence of an appropriate amount of bio-available Fe and Co can promote the removal of Mn(II) and NH4+-N. 

In situ phytoextraction of Mn and NH4+-N from aqueous electrolytic manganese residue solution by Pistia stratiotes: Effects of Fe/Co presence and rhizospheric microbe synergistic involvement.

Biosurfactants produced by bacteria possess remarkable emulsification properties for crude oil, significantly enhancing oil mobility and recovery rates. This study aimed to isolate and screen biosurfactant-producing bacteria for oil enhancing recovery. A total of 93 bacterial strains were isolated from marine sediments, with three high-yield biosurfactant-producing strains identified: Pseudomonas aeruginosa N33, Bacillus paralicheniformis Nian2, and Stenotrophomonas nematodicola T10. The fermentation conditions, such as pH, carbon source, nitrogen source, and C/N ratio, were optimized to maximize the yield and activity of biosurfactants. Further evaluations were performed to assess the stability of the bio-surfactant activity and its emulsification properties. The results indicated that all three strains produced biosurfactants that retained their oil displacement activity in the presence of Na+ and Mg2+, but showed a significant reduction in their activities in the presence of Ca2+. The biosurfactants maintained their original activity after treatment at 120 °C for 3 h. Additionally, the biosurfactants produced by all three strains demonstrated excellent oil emulsification capabilities. Static oil-washing and dynamic displacement experiments revealed static oil recovery rates of 28.1%, 23.4%, and 7.1%, respectively, for N33, Nian2, and T10, and dynamic oil displacement recovery rates of 95.0%, 74.1%, and 69.0%, respectively. This research provides valuable microbial resources for enhancing oil recovery via microorganisms and lays a foundation for practical application. 

Isolation and Characterization of Biosurfactant-Producing Bacteria for Enhancing Oil Recovery

Petroleum hydrocarbon (PHC) degrading bacteria have been frequently discovered. However, in practical application, a single species of PHC degrading bacterium with weak competitiveness may face environmental pressure and competitive exclusion due to the interspecific competition between petroleum-degrading bacteria as well as indigenous microbiota in soil, leading to a reduced efficacy or even malfunction. In this study, the diesel degradation ability and environmental robustness of an endophytic strain Pseudomonas aeruginosa WS02, were investigated. The results show that the cell membrane surface of WS02 was highly hydrophobic, and the strain secreted glycolipid surfactants. Genetic analysis results revealed that WS02 contained multiple metabolic systems and PHC degradation-related genes, indicating that this strain theoretically possesses the capability of oxidizing both alkanes and aromatic hydrocarbons. Gene annotation also showed many targets which coded for heavy metal resistant and metal transporter proteins. The gene annotation-based inference was confirmed by the experimental results: GC-MS analysis revealed that short chain PHCs (C10–C14) were completely degraded, and the degradation of PHCs ranging from C15–C22 were above 90% after 14 d in diesel-exposed culture; Heavy metal (Mn2+, Pb2+ and Zn2+) exposure was found to affect the growth of WS02 to some extent, but not its ability to degrade diesel, and the degradation efficiency was still maintained at 39–59%. WS02 also showed a environmental robustness along with PHC-degradation performance in the co-culture system with other bacterial strains as well as in the co-cultured system with the indigenous microbiota in soil fluid extracted from a PHC-contaminated site. It can be concluded that the broad-spectrum diesel degradation efficacy and great environmental robustness give P. aeruginosa WS02 great potential for application in the remediation of PHC-contaminated soil. 

Diesel degradation capability and environmental robustness of strain Pseudomonas aeruginosa WS02.

Effects of fast-growing Eucalyptus leaf released DOM on the fate and transport of the ambient heavy metals

Long-term manganese exposure-mediated benthic diatom assemblage in a subtropical stream: Distribution, substrate preferences and Mn-tolerance

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Diesel degradation capability and environmental robustness of strain Pseudomonas aeruginosa WS02.

Effects of fast-growing Eucalyptus leaf released DOM on the fate and transport of the ambient heavy metals

Long-term manganese exposure-mediated benthic diatom assemblage in a subtropical stream: Distribution, substrate preferences and Mn-tolerance