Space information networks is network systems that can receive, transmit, and process spatial information lively. It uses satellites, stratosphere airships, Unmanned Aerial Vehicles, and other platforms as the carrier. It supports high-dynamic, real-time broadband transmission of earth observations and ultra-long-distance, long-delay reliable transmission of deep space exploration. The deeper the network integration, the higher the system’s security concerns and the more likely SINs will be controlled and destroyed in terms of cybersecurity. How to integrate new IT technologies such as artificial intelligence, digital twins, and blockchain to diverse application scenarios of SINs while maintaining SIN cybersecurity will be a long-term critical technical issue. This study is a review of the security issues for space information networks. First, this paper examines space information networks’ security issues and figures out the relationship between the main security threats, services, and mechanisms. Then, this article selects secure routing and anomaly detection from many security technologies to conduct a detailed overview from two perspectives of traditional methods and artificial intelligence. Subsequently, this paper investigates anomaly detection schemes for spatial information networks and proposes a deep learning-based anomaly detection scheme. Finally, we suggest the potential research directions and opening problems of space information network security. Overall, this paper aims to give readers an overview of the newly emerging technologies in space information networks’ security issues and provide inspiration for future exploration.

Survey on security issues of routing and anomaly detection for space information networks

Low-earth-orbit satellite constellations with hundreds to thousands of satellites are emerging as practical alternatives for providing various types of data services such as global networking and large-scale sensing. The network performance of these satellite constellations is strongly dependent on the topology of the inter-satellite links (ISLs) in such systems. This paper studies the effects of six different ISL topologies, coupled with three configurations of ground relay terminals, on path failure rate, path latency, and link transmission efficiency in an example highly-inclined Walker Delta constellation with 360 satellites. These network performance parameters are calculated in the presence of satellite failures in the constellation. Trade-offs between ISL connection density and overall performance are examined and quantified. Topologies with 4 active ISLs per satellite are shown to perform significantly better than topologies requiring fewer, especially as the average number of active ISLs per satellite becomes significantly less than three. Latencies for a topology requiring 3 active ISLs per satellite are shown to be between 15 and 60 % higher than for a 4- ISL reference topology. Path availabilities for the 3- ISL topology are shown to be on the order of 30 % lower for a benchmark case of 10 satellite failures. The performance of near-minimal topologies (e.g., an average of 2.2 active ISLs per satellite) is much worse. Latency reductions of 10-30% and path failure rate improvements on the order of 45 % are shown to be obtainable by the inclusion of 2 to 5 strategically located ground relay stations. 1 1 DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT A. Approved for public release. Distribution is unlimited. This material is based upon work supported by the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency under Air Force Contract No. FA8702-15-D-0001. The views, opinions and/or findings expressed are those of the authors and should not be interpreted as representing the official views or policies of the Department of Defense or the U.S. Government.

Network Performance of pLEO Topologies in a High-Inclination Walker Delta Satellite Constellation

Low-earth-orbit satellite constellations with hundreds to thousands of satellites are emerging as practical alternatives for providing various types of data services such as global networking and large-scale sensing. The network performance of these satellite constellations is strongly dependent on the topology of the inter-satellite links (ISLs) in such systems. This paper studies the effects of six different ISL topologies, coupled with three configurations of ground relay terminals, on path failure rate, path latency, and link transmission efficiency in an example highly-inclined Walker Delta constellation with 360 satellites. These network performance parameters are calculated in the presence of satellite failures in the constellation. Trade-offs between ISL connection density and overall performance are examined and quantified. Topologies with 4 active ISLs per satellite are shown to perform significantly better than topologies requiring fewer, especially as the average number of active ISLs per satellite becomes significantly less than three. Latencies for a topology requiring 3 active ISLs per satellite are shown to be between 15 and 60 % higher than for a 4- ISL reference topology. Path availabilities for the 3- ISL topology are shown to be on the order of 30 % lower for a benchmark case of 10 satellite failures. The performance of near-minimal topologies (e.g., an average of 2.2 active ISLs per satellite) is much worse. Latency reductions of 10-30% and path failure rate improvements on the order of 45 % are shown to be obtainable by the inclusion of 2 to 5 strategically located ground relay stations. 11DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT A. Approved for public release. Distribution is unlimited. This material is based upon work supported by the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency under Air Force Contract No. FA8702-15-D-0001. The views, opinions and/or findings expressed are those of the authors and should not be interpreted as representing the official views or policies of the Department of Defense or the U.S. Government.

Constellation of Satellites: Integrated Space/Aerial/Terrestrial/Underwater (SATU) All-Optical Networks for Global Internet Connectivity

Recently the topology design of multi-layer satellite network has drawn much attention from researchers due to the application of laser link in inter-satellite links (ISLs). Snapshot division is a common method of dynamic topology design, which splits the time-varying topology into a sequence of static snapshots. However, previous topology design researches based on snapshot division seldom consider multi-objective optimization and practical link parameters, such as link capacity, degree constrains, and link switch time. In this paper, a novel topology design method aiming to concurrently minimize both link switch time and network average end-to-end delay is proposed. The constraints of degree, visibility, and connectivity are considered in the proposed topology design method. Simulation results show that the proposed strategy has a better performance compared to traditional topology design methods for multi-layered optical satellite networks.

A Novel Topology Design Method for Multi-layered Optical Satellite Networks

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A Novel Topology Design Method for Multi-layered Optical Satellite Networks