The reliable detection of cancer-related biomarkers is essential for accurate diagnosis of cancers. SERS/electrochemical dual-mode sensing can provide a powerful tool to achieve more accurate detection, however, the in situ facile dual-mode detections have rarely been reported. Herein, a novel SERS/electrochemical dual-mode biosensor based on multi-functionalized molybdenum disulfide nanosheet (mF-MoS2 NS) probes and SERS-active Ag nanorods (AgNRs) array electrode was proposed for in situ dual-mode detection of gastric cancer-related miR-106a. The AgNRs array coated by the mF-MoS2 NSs shows significantly improved electrochemical and SERS stability in electrolyte solutions, and the “mF-MoS2 NSs probes-miRNA-AgNRs array electrodes” sandwich structured SERS/electrochemical sensor was built for stable, in-situ dual-mode detection of miR-106a. The sensor shows good selectivity for differentiating miR-106a from the single-base mismatched nucleic acid, and possesses linear calibration curves of both SERS and electrochemical sensing modes with the limit of detections of 67.44 fM and 248.01 fM, respectively. The reliable assay of miR-106a in human serum indicates that the proposed SERS/electrochemical dual-mode sensor is suitable for detecting complex samples and can be a potential high-sensitive and reliable tool for clinical diagnosis of early cancers. 

SERS/electrochemical dual-mode biosensor based on multi-functionalized molybdenum disulfide nanosheet probes and SERS-active Ag nanorods array electrodes for reliable detection of cancer-related miRNA

Adrenergic receptor agonists are a class of adrenergic transmitters analogues that can bind and stimulate adrenergic receptors, which always have been illegally used in the animal husbandry since they can promote growth, reduce fat deposition, and improve lean meat rate. Thus, detecting these agonist residues is of great significance to ensure food safety and human health. Here, we proposed a comprehensive and critical review, firstly introducing the typical adrenergic receptor agonists that occurred in animal-derived foods. Then we summarized and discussed the recent residues detection methods including immunoassays, receptor-based assays, liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, and electrochemical methods. We highlighted the immunoassays due to their merits of simple operation, low cost, and high sensitivity for screening purpose. Lastly, we prospected the future development of adrenergic receptor agonist residues detection method. 

Current progress in the detection of adrenergic receptor agonist residues in animal-derived foods

Shell penetration/free energy-driven crosstalk between intelligent DNA nanomachines for ultrasensitive detection of circulating tumor cells

An effective and efficient method for the determination of 18 β-agonists in aquatic products using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) was successfully established. The method optimization was conducted based on incurred samples to guarantee its practicability. In this method, the sample was hydrolyzed with β-glucuronidase-arylsulfatase in ammonium acetate solution and treated successively with protein precipitation in 5% trichloroacetic acid in water, lipid removal with n-hexane, and further concentration and cleanup by solid-phase extraction (hydrophilic–lipophilic balanced cartridge, primary–secondary amine cartridge). Isotope-labeled internal standards and matrix-matched calibration curves were used for quantification. The limit of quantification (LOQ) was verified at 0.5–1.0 μg/kg (S/N > 10). This method was evaluated with five different matrices, including eel, roasted eel, pufferfish, shrimp, and crab, at 1×, 2×, and 10× LOQs, with good recoveries (>77%) and high replicate repeatability (relative standard deviations (RSDs) <13%, intraday batch repeatability) and further validated by three other accredited laboratories. A total of 3 samples out of 37 tested aquatic products were found positive for unknown incur sources (ractopamine, 0.38–2.1 μg/kg; salbutamol 3.0 μg/kg; tulobuterol 2.9 μg/kg; clenbuterol 1.3 μg/kg; and clenpenterol, 0.3 μg/kg). The method has demonstrated to be reliable, sensitive, and stable for multiresidue screening of β-agonists for food safety monitoring. 

Determination of 18 β-Agonists in Aquatic Products Using High-Performance Liquid Chromatography Tandem Mass Spectrometry

Sports doping is a persistent challenge in competitive sports, undermining the integrity of athletic competitions and posing health risks to athletes. This study focuses on the development of a surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) chip for the detection of β-agonists, such as clenbuterol, ractopamine, and salbutamol, which are commonly abused as performance-enhancing drugs. The SERS chip was constructed by depositing silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) onto activated carbon (AC) as a substrate, utilizing their plasmonic properties and ease of synthesis. The successful loading of AgNPs onto AC was confirmed by SEM imaging, demonstrating a uniform distribution of AgNPs on the surface of AC. The SERS chip exhibited enhanced sensitivity in detecting β-agonists compared to conventional methods. The SERS signals of the analytes decreased with decreasing concentrations, indicating the chip's ability to detect low-concentration analytes. Notably, the AC/AgNPs composite demonstrated stronger SERS signals compared to AgNPs alone, attributed to the improved loading efficiency and electromagnetic field enhancement provided by the AC substrate. The detection limit of the AC/AgNPs SERS chip for clenbuterol, ractopamine, and salbutamol was found to be 0.003 mg/L, 0.001 mg/L, and 0.007 mg/L, respectively. The developed SERS chip offers rapid and sensitive detection of β-agonists in sports doping control. It overcomes the limitations of conventional methods, such as immunoassays and chromatographic techniques, in terms of sensitivity, selectivity, and sample preparation time. The application of SERS in anti-doping efforts holds great promise for maintaining fair and clean sports competitions. 

Construction of SERS chip based on silver nanoparticles and detection of sports doping β-agonists

A surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS)-based competitive immunoassay for detecting β-adrenergic agonists (salbutamol, SAL; brombuterol, BRO) was developed. Highly ordered gold cavity arrays (GCA) with adjustable localized surface plasmon resonance and great Raman enhancement were prepared by electrodepositing gold nanoparticles (NPS) to the interstices of polystyrene sphere templates, and then covered by a pre-punched sticker with many holes as detection areas in the assay. The immuno-probe was prepared by immobilizing antibody against SAL (or BRO) and DNA concatamers labelled with SERS reporter on gold NPS. After immunoreaction, the characteristic bands of SERS reporters captured on GCA were measured for quantification of SAL and BRO. The sensitivity was improved by introduction of long DNA concatamers and silver staining due to DNA amplification and strong plasmon coupling between Au and Ag NPS. The LODs for SAL and BRO were 2.0 pg mL−1 and 1.0 pg mL−1, respectively. The recoveries of the assay for SAL and BRO in spiked samples were 96.7∼105.3 % with RSD of 4.9–8.7 %. The results demonstrated that this approach was a sensitive, specific and high-throughput method for simultaneous detection of SAL and BRO, and might be a new platform for the detection of multiple compounds in food and biological fields.

A SERS-based competitive immunoassay using highly ordered gold cavity arrays as the substrate for simultaneous detection of β-adrenergic agonists

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A SERS-based competitive immunoassay using highly ordered gold cavity arrays as the substrate for simultaneous detection of β-adrenergic agonists