Lithium-ion batteries have witnessed meteoric advancement the last two decades. The anode area has seen unprecedented research activity on Si and Sn, the two anode alternatives to currently used carbon following the initial seminal work by Fuji on tin oxide nanocomposites. Recent reports on silicon nanowires, porous Si, and amorphous Si coatings on graphite nanofibers (GNF) have been very encouraging. High capacity and long cycle life anodes are still, however, elusive and much needed to meet the ever increasing energy storage demands of modern society. Herein, we report for the first time the synthesis of novel 1D heterostructures comprising vertically aligned multiwall CNTs (VACNTs) containing nanoscale amorphous/nanocrystalline Si droplets deposited directly on VACNTs with clearly defined spacing using a simple two-step liquid injection CVD process. A hallmark of these single reactor derived heterostructures is an interfacial amorphous carbon layer anchoring the nanoscale Si clusters directly to the VACNTs. The defined spacing of nanoscale Si combined with their tethered CNT architecture allow for the silicon to undergo reversible electrochemical alloying and dealloying with Li with minimal loss of contact with the underlying CNTs. The novel heterostructures thus exhibit impressive reversible stable capacities approximately 2050 mAh/g with very good rate capability and an acceptable first cycle irreversible loss approximately 20% comparable to graphitic anodes indicating their promise as high capacity Li-ion anodes. Although warranting further research, particularly with regard to long-term cycling, it can be envisaged that optimization of this simple approach could lead to reversible high capacity next generation Li-ion anodes.

http://ma.ecsdl.org/content/MA2010-01/5/352.full.pdf

Nanostructured Hybrid Silicon/Carbon Nanotube Heterostructures: Novel Reversible High-Capacity Lithium-Ion Anodes

Diverting Exploration of Silicon Anode into Practical Way: A Review Focused on Silicon-Graphite Composite for Lithium Ion Batteries

Research Progress of Silicon/Carbon Anode Materials for Lithium-Ion Batteries: Structure Design and Synthesis Method

Silicon (Si) is one of the most promising anode materials for high-energy lithium-ion batteries. However, the widespread application of Si-based anodes is inhibited by large volume change, unstable solid electrolyte interphase, and poor electrical conductivity. During the past decade, significant efforts have been made to overcome these major challenges toward industrial applications. This review summarizes the recent development of microscale Si-based electrodes fabricated by Si microparticles or other industrial bulk materials from the perspective of industrialization. First, the challenges for microscale Si anodes are clarified. Second, structural design strategies of stable micro-sized Si materials are discussed. Third, other critical practical metrics, such as robust binder construction and electrolyte design, are also highlighted. Finally, future trends and perspectives on the commercialization of Si-based anodes are provided. 

The pursuit of commercial silicon-based microparticle anodes for advanced lithium-ion batteries: A review

In-situ self-assembled hollow urchins F-Co-MOF on rGO as advanced anodes for lithium-ion and sodium-ion batteries.

One-pot sol-gel synthesis of Si/C yolk-shell anodes for high performance lithium-ion batteries

Low-cost urchin-like silicon-based anode with superior conductivity for lithium storage applications.

The further deployment of silicon-based anode materials is hindered by their poor rate and cycling abilities due to the inferior electrical conductivity and large volumetric changes. Herein, we report a silicon/carbon nanotube (Si/CNT) composite made of an externally grown flexible carbon nanotube (CNT) network to confine inner multiple Silicon (Si) nanoparticles (Si NPs). The in situ generated outer CNTs networks, not only accommodate the large volume changes of inside Si NPs but also to provide fast electronic/ionic diffusion pathways, resulting in a significantly improved cycling stability and rate performance. This Si/CNT composite demonstrated outstanding cycling performance, with 912.8 mAh g−1 maintained after 100 cycles at 100 mA g−1, and excellent rate ability of 650 mAh g−1 at 1 A g−1 after 1000 cycles. Furthermore, the facial and scalable preparation method created in this work will make this new Si-based anode material promising for practical application in the next generation Li-ion batteries.

https://www.mdpi.com/2079-4991/11/3/699/pdf

Flexible Carbon Nanotubes Confined Yolk-Shelled Silicon-Based Anode with Superior Conductivity for Lithium Storage.

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One-pot sol-gel synthesis of Si/C yolk-shell anodes for high performance lithium-ion batteries

Low-cost urchin-like silicon-based anode with superior conductivity for lithium storage applications.

Flexible Carbon Nanotubes Confined Yolk-Shelled Silicon-Based Anode with Superior Conductivity for Lithium Storage.