Aiming at identifying the difference between heat and electricity storage in distributed energy systems, this paper tries to explore the potential of cost reduction by using time-of-use electricity prices and a variety of energy storage methods. The current situation is defined as basic situation which is purchasing electricity for all loads in real-time (Scenario 1). For the Scenario 2, battery energy storage to utilize valley electricity is considered (Scenario 2). Besides, considering that the price of the battery is relatively high, heat and cold pumps are also included as well as thermal storage to provide dispatchable heat and cold (Scenario 3). Lastly, as a representation of renewable heat, the solar collector was used to collect solar heat for supplying heat and cold (via absorption refrigeration) to the building (Scenario 4). Using levelized cost of electricity (LCOE) and payback time of scenarios as the main indicators, the influence rules of key parameters is analyzed and the capacity is optimized, aiming to explore the sensitive reaction of scenarios to components and compare the performance of different scenarios on typical days in four seasons. Based on the results, the utilization of valley electricity and storage methods in different scenarios can reduce the LCOE of commercial buildings. When the lifetime is considered as 10 years, Scenarios 2, 3, and 4 can reduce the LCOE from 0.9795 CNY/kWh (Scenario 1) to 0.9183, 0.6791 and 0.7748 CNY/kWh, respectively. Scenario 2 is sensitive to the lifetime of the battery. Scenario 4 has great potential for a long lifetime such as 20 years and it is also sensitive to the price of components. 

Role of different energy storage methods in decarbonizing urban distributed energy systems: A case study of thermal and electricity storage

The study aims to enhance the reliability of direct thermal energy storage (TES) using phase change materials (PCMs) and nanoparticles, ensuring sustained heat supply even during periods of low or intermittent solar radiation. The study specifically investigates a TES system comprising a double-cylindrical shell container with two distinct PCM types: petroleum jelly or petrolatum with 1% Al2O3 nanoparticles by volume in the outer shell and wax in the inner shell. Additionally, a redesigned heat exchanger is employed to improve heating efficiency. The study examines two configurations: an open system and a closed system with a storage water tank. The deliberate strategy of augmenting PCM volume is aimed at enhancing heat transfer during both the charging and discharging phases. The performance of closed and open system configurations is compared, with a focus on highlighting the temperature profiles during the charging and discharging processes. The incorporation of 1% Al2O3 nanoparticles in the PCMs led to a significant enhancement in efficiency, with the two-phase materials case achieving the highest efficiency of 73%. Furthermore, the utilization of nanoparticles resulted in an improvement in efficiency of approximately 5%. These findings demonstrate the potential of using dual PCM layers with NPs additives in direct TES systems. 

Efficiency Enhancement in Direct Thermal Energy Storage Systems Using Dual Phase Change Materials and Nanoparticle Additives

Research on the influence of solar radiation fuzzy adaptive system on the wet and hot environment in greenhouse

Analyzing the distribution of temperature and humidity within a greenhouse is essential for optimizing ventilation strategies and improving crop quality and yield. The temperature and humidity distribution of eight-span greenhouse under natural ventilation and mechanical ventilation is studied experimentally. The influence of different crop height on temperature and humidity distribution in greenhouse and the influence of different mechanical ventilation strategies on temperature regulation were discussed. The results showed that the temperature difference between inside and outside the greenhouse decreased with the increase of crop height. Under natural ventilation conditions, the soil surface temperature is the highest, and the temperature at 0.5 m above the surface is the lowest, with the maximum temperature difference of 0.9 ℃. The temperature in the greenhouse was higher in the west and lower in the east, and the temperature difference decreased with the increase of crop height. In the east–west direction, the maximum temperature difference between tall crops, short crops and non-planted crops was 0.7 ℃, 0.9 ℃ and 1.0 ℃, respectively. High crops increase the relative humidity in the greenhouse and increase the uneven distribution of relative humidity. When growing tall crops, the difference between indoor and outdoor relative humidity is only 2.3 %. When the external shade and fan are turned on at the same time, the cooling effect is the best, the energy consumption is lower, and the temperature distribution is the most uniform. The results provide a valuable reference for optimizing greenhouse structure, formulating ventilation strategy and reducing agricultural energy consumption. 

Experimental study of ambient temperature and humidity distribution in large multi-span greenhouse based on different crop heights and ventilation conditions

New design concept and thermal performance of a composite wall applied in solar greenhouse

Determining the optimum span of a solar greenhouse

A solar greenhouse is an agricultural facility used for winter vegetable production. Its unique structure creates a superior heat environment in winter. Soil temperature plays a pivotal role in the root growth of greenhouse crops and serves as a crucial indicator for assessing solar greenhouse performance. However, due to the interplay of soil temperature with the structural features of the solar greenhouse and the complex relationship between outdoor meteorological conditions, understanding the soil temperature variation pattern inside the greenhouse is challenging. To gain deeper insights into the soil temperature distribution, this study presents a computational model based on experimental measurements and the principles of thermal conductivity differential equations for semi-infinite walls. Additionally, it analyzes the influence of different regions and weather conditions on greenhouse soil temperature in conjunction with the growth patterns of greenhouse crops, and proposes three measures for its improvement. The results demonstrate the accuracy of soil temperature calculation models at depths of 0.10 m, 0.20 m, 0.30 m, and 0.50 m, with RMSEs of 0.54 °C, 0.41 °C, 0.32 °C, and 0.17 °C, respectively. The period when soil temperature in Beijing cannot meet crop growth primarily falls between January 7th and January 20th. By implementing measures such as changing the front roof material, adopting an optimal spatial form, and modifying the wall structure, soil temperatures can be increased by 0.78 °C, 0.74 °C, and 0.36 °C, respectively. When all three measures are employed simultaneously, soil temperatures can be raised by an average of 2.13 °C in winter. This proposed model can calculate the soil temperature in the greenhouse when outdoor meteorological conditions are known. The findings of this study offer valuable insights for optimizing the design of solar greenhouses and creating an ideal thermal environment. 

Research on the variation patterns and predictive models of soil temperature in a solar greenhouse

The rapid development of photovoltaic technology provides more possibilities for the efficient application of solar energy in buildings. This research proposed a phase change material (PCM) heat storage wall system with a “four-layer” structure. A performance test platform using low voltage DC was built to study the mechanism of electric thermal conversion of the graphene electrothermal film and the heat transfer characteristics of the “four-layer” structure. As shown in the experimental results, under the voltages of 24 V, 32 V and 42 V, (1) with the increase in voltage, the temperature of the electrothermal film increases, while its electrothermal conversion efficiency decreases from 85% to 75%; (2) during the heat storage process, because of its latent heat storage characteristics, the temperature of the PCM wallboard is 3~5 °C lower than that of the cement wallboard, but the effective heat storage increases by 59~65%; (3) during the heat release process, the effective heat release of the PCM wallboard increases by 41–78%, and the maximum heat storage and release efficiency is 98%; and (4) at 32 V, the PCM can completely change phase. The theoretical calorific value of the electrothermal film is equivalent to the hourly power generation of 1.45 m2 of photovoltaic modules. The results provide basic data for the integration of photovoltaic and phase change technology and their efficient application in buildings.

/pdf/experimental-study-on-heat-storage-release-performances-of-1qq41uzn.pdf

Experimental Study on Heat Storage/Release Performances of Composite Phase Change Thermal Storage Heating Wallboards Based on Photovoltaic Electric-Thermal Systems

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Papers

Determining the optimum span of a solar greenhouse

Research on the variation patterns and predictive models of soil temperature in a solar greenhouse

Experimental Study on Heat Storage/Release Performances of Composite Phase Change Thermal Storage Heating Wallboards Based on Photovoltaic Electric-Thermal Systems