Water splitting technology is an innovative strategy to face the dependency on fossil fuels and, at the same time, address environmental pollution issues. Electrocatalysts seem to be the better option to improve water separation efficiency and satisfy the commercial-scale demand for hydrogen. Therefore, the design and fabrication of heterostructures with a high affinity for achieving water splitting have been proposed. In this review, the application of several electrocatalysts for hydrogen and oxygen evolution reactions is presented and discussed in detail. A review of the recent advances in water separation using noble metals such as Pt-, Ir-, and Ru-based electrodes is presented, followed by a highlighting of the current trends in noble-metal-free electrocatalysts and novel preparation methods. Furthermore, it contemplates some results of a hybrid organic molecule–water electrolysis and photoelectrochemical water splitting. This review intends to give insight into the main trends in water splitting and the barriers that need to be overcome to further boost the efficiency of the main hydrogen and oxygen generation systems that ultimately result in large-scale applications. Finally, future challenges and perspectives are addressed, considering all the novelties and the proposed pathways for water splitting.

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Water Splitting as an Alternative for Electrochemical Hydrogen and Oxygen Generation: Current Status, Trends, and Challenges

MXene composed of transition metal carbides, nitrides, or carbonitrate, is the most ornamented and rapidly expanding two-dimensional (2D) material. Due to its exceptional qualities, including its adjustable band gap, high thermal conductivity, charger mediator, superior electrical conductivity, and environmental adaptability, MXene is now attracting the interest of researchers. MXene possesses a strongly hydrophilic surface, ion exchange capabilities, and durable surface functional groups. This study provides an overview of the synthesis, properties, and prospective applications of MXenes in energy, sensing and environment sectors. Firstly, this article provides a brief overview of the MAX phase (including its characteristics and recent advancements) and MXene. Then, we thoroughly investigated the different etching techniques used in the synthesis of MXene. Moreover, various properties of MXenes, such as structural, optical, mechanical, magnetic, and electronic characteristics have been investigated. In addition, the potential applications of MXenes in various dynamic fields such as supercapacitor, energy storage and conversion, water splitting, electrochemical sensors and waste water treatment has been explored symmetrically. This study also focuses on the current progresses and future prospective relating to MXene, which will surely assist the scientists who are doing work in areas of academia and material sciences. 

MXene nanomaterials: Synthesis, properties and applications in energy and environment sector

Electrochemical water splitting is crucial for sustainable energy, enabling hydrogen fuel conversion, storage, and energy transfer. This review focuses on innovative approaches to replace costly precious metal catalysts with earth-abundant elements, known for their high catalytic activity and durability in alkaline hydrogen evolution reactions. Designing self-supporting electrodes, particularly using three-dimensional (3D) nickel foam (NF) substrates, has emerged as an effective strategy to enhance electrocatalyst performance and stability. The continuous porous structure of 3D NF ensures excellent electrical conductivity and a larger active surface area. This review extensively catalogs emerging nanostructured materials directly grown on 3D NF, including sulfides, phosphides, layered double hydroxides, nitrides, oxides, selenides, and alloys. Emphasis is placed on their cutting-edge achievements in structural design, controllable synthesis, performance optimization, and elucidation of catalytic mechanism. These insights facilitate the selection and fabrication of high-performance self-supporting electrodes, accelerating the commercialization and scalability of water electrolysis technology. 

Unlocking the potential of hydrogen evolution: Advancements in 3D nanostructured electrocatalysts supported on nickel foam

In recent years, environmental pollution has become more serious, especially the organic pollutants. Metal organic frameworks (MOFs) are promising materials used to degrade pollutants recently. Among them, Materials Institute Lavoisier frameworks (MILs) have been widely engaged due to their good stability and unique structural characteristics. This paper systematically analyses and summarizes the progress of MILs in degradation of organic pollutant by Fenton reaction in recent years. The MILs, especially four types of MILs, including MIL-100, MIL-101, MIL-88, and MIL-53, are first described and classified. Then, the common synthesis methods (hydrothermal synthesis, steam-assisted synthesis, and microwave-assisted synthesis) of MIL are summarized and compared. Modification and activation of MILs to obtain good degradation effect are also introduced and discussed. Finally, the applications of MILs in Fenton reaction are reviewed and their future development is prospected.

/pdf/recent-progress-of-mil-mof-materials-in-degradation-of-2k8txbf3.pdf

Recent Progress of MIL MOF Materials in Degradation of Organic Pollutants by Fenton Reaction

The advancement of large-scale hydrogen production and its application via electrocatalytic water splitting heavily relies on progress in developing highly active inexpensive, and efficient electrocatalysts for oxygen evolution reactions (OER), which continues to pose a significant challenge. Herein, we prepare GO@ZIF-67@MnFe with embedded iron (Fe) and manganese (Mn) nanoparticles on graphene oxide (GO) decorated with a zeolitic imidazolate framework (ZIF-67) using a facile and cost-effective method. The as-prepared GO@ZIF-67@MnFe catalyst exhibits remarkable electrocatalytic activity with a low overpotential of only 236 mV at the current density of 10 mA cm–2, a small Tafel slope of 55.7 mV dec–1, and robust durability in 1.0 M KOH electrolyte. Additionally, we conduct a systematic study to investigate the electrocatalytic OER activity of ZIF-67, ZIF-67@Mn, ZIF-67@Fe, and ZIF-67@MnFe using density functional theory (DFT) calculations. The experimental and DFT calculation results suggest that the introduction of Fe and Mn to ZIF-67 improves OER performance by reducing the activation energy barrier and accelerating kinetics. This study presents a promising strategy and rational design methodology for the developing multi-metallic catalysts utilizing ZIF derivatives for water splitting. 

Multi metallic electro-catalyst design for enhanced oxygen evolution reaction: Immobilizing MnFe nanoparticles on ZIF-67-decorated graphene oxide

The rational design of inexpensive metal electrocatalysts with exciting catalytic activity for overall water splitting (OWS) remains a significant challenge. Heterostructures of NiFe layered double hydroxides (NiFe-LDHs) with abundant oxygen defects and tunable electronic properties have garnered considerable attention. Here, a self-supporting heterostructured catalyst (named MoO3 /NiFe-NF) is synthesized via a hydrothermal method to grow NiFe-LDH with oxygen vacancies (OV ) in situ on inexpensive nickel foam (NF). Subsequently, MoO3 is anchored and grown on the surface of NiFe-LDH by electrodeposition. The obtained catalysts achieved outstanding oxygen/hydrogen evolution reaction (OER/HER, 212 mV/85 mV@10 mA cm-2 ) performance in 1 m KOH. Additionally, when MoO3 /NiFe-NF is utilized as the cathode and anode in OWS, a current density of 10 mA cm-2 can be obtained as an ultralow battery voltage of 1.43 V, a significantly lower value compared to the commercial electrolyzer incorporating Pt/C and IrO2 electrode materials. Finally, density functional theory (DFT) calculations and advanced spectroscopy technology are conducted to reveal the effects of heterojunctions and OV on the internal electronic structure of the electrical catalysts. Mainly, the present study provides a novel tactic for the rational design of remarkable, low-cost NiFe-LDH electrocatalysts with heterostructures for OWS.

Heterostructured MoO3 Anchored Defect-Rich NiFe-LDH/NF as a Robust Self-Supporting Electrocatalyst for Overall Water Splitting.

Construction of ZIF-67/MIL-88(Fe, Ni) catalysts as a novel platform for efficient overall water splitting

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Heterostructured MoO3 Anchored Defect-Rich NiFe-LDH/NF as a Robust Self-Supporting Electrocatalyst for Overall Water Splitting.

Construction of ZIF-67/MIL-88(Fe, Ni) catalysts as a novel platform for efficient overall water splitting