Soil water erosion on cultivated lands represents a severe threat to soil resources in the world, and especially in Mediterranean areas, due to their topographic, edaphic and climatic conditions. Among the cultivated lands, vineyards deserve a particular attention because, aside representing one of the most important crops in terms of income and employment, they also have proven to be the form of agricultural use that causes one of the highest soil losses. Although the topic of soil water erosion on vineyards has been studied, it still raises uncertainties, due to the high variability of procedures for data acquisition, which consists into different scales of analysis and measurement methods. There is still a great gap in knowledge about the effect of triggering factors on soil water erosion and, so far, an effort to quantify this effect on the Mediterranean viticulture has not been made yet. Therefore, this paper review aims to (i) develop a documented database on splash, sheet and rill erosion rates in Mediterranean vineyards, (ii) identify and, if possible, quantify the effect of triggering factors such as topography, soil properties, rainfall characteristics and soil conservation techniques on soil water erosion, and (iii) provide suggestions for a more sustainable viticulture. Although the large variability of data, some general trends between erosion rates and triggering factors could be found, as long as data were categorized according to the same measurement method. However, no general rule upon which to consider one triggering factor always predominant over the others came out. This paper review supports the importance of monitoring soil water erosion by field measurements to better understand the relationship between the factors. However, protocols should be established for standardizing the procedure of collecting data and reporting results to enable data comparison among different study areas.

Soil water erosion on Mediterranean vineyards: A review

Mediterranean crops favor high erosion rates. Vineyards use to reach the highest soil and water losses due to the lack of vegetation cover. A topographical approach by means of the use of vineyards poles as fixed reference point as erosion markers allowed to quantify high and non-sustainable soil erosion rates on the Sicilian vineyards during 9 years. In order to develop strategies to control the soil losses, seven land managements were selected and applied in a typical blanc wine grape irrigated vineyard located in southwestern Sicily. Comparable plots were managed traditionally using conventional tillage and alternatively using various cover crops: (1) Vicia faba; (2) V. faba and Vicia sativa; (3) Trifolium subterraneum, Festuca rubra, and Lolium perenne; (4) T. subterraneum, F. rubra, and Festuca ovina; (5) Triticum durum; and (6) T. durum and V. sativa. To estimate the soil losses the C factor of the USLE was calculated. And to monitor the water and sediment yield, Gerlach troughs were installed on the vineyard inter-row. Runoff and erosion were measured after each rainfall event from November 2005 to April 2007. Both runoff and erosion were significantly reduced when cover crops of T. subterraneum, F. rubra, and L. perenne; and T. subterraneum, F. rubra, and F. ovina were sown. The least effective management systems for soil erosion were conventional tillage and alternative management using the V. faba cover crop. Our results suggest that planting the appropriate cover crops provides an effective soil and water management system for Sicilian vineyards which will make sustainable the wine and grapes production under Mediterranean climate conditions.

/pdf/soil-erosion-assessment-on-tillage-and-alternative-soil-jhz6y426zn.pdf

Soil erosion assessment on tillage and alternative soil managements in a Sicilian vineyard

/pdf/fallout-210pb-as-a-soil-and-sediment-tracer-in-catchment-5comp859b5.pdf

Fallout 210Pb as a soil and sediment tracer in catchment sediment budget investigations: A review

Soil water erosion on Mediterranean vineyards. A review based on published data

The usefulness of 137Cs as a tracer for soil erosion assessment: A critical reply to Parsons and Foster (2011)

Assessing Soil Erosion Rates on Manually-Tilled Hillslopes in the Sichuan Hilly Basin Using 137Cs and 210Pbex Measurements

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Assessing Soil Erosion Rates on Manually-Tilled Hillslopes in the Sichuan Hilly Basin Using 137Cs and 210Pbex Measurements